[Annotated] Learning from Europe's populists
There is lots to dislike in Europe's populists, but also something to study
The European Union must feel as if it has seen off the populist horde 1. Economic growth is at its strongest in a decade. Emmanuel Macron has defeated the National Front 2 and is transforming France. Although just 41% of citizens trust the EU, that is more than trust their national governments 3 - and is fully ten points up on the lows after the financial crisis. 4
Yet populism is not vanquished. Insurgents are 5 in office in Poland, Hungary and Austria and won last week's vote in the Czech Republic. In Italy the Five Star Movement 6 could sniff power in 7 next month's elections. In the years to come 8 the influence of populist parties is likely to grow. 9
Rather than declare victory and return to politics as usual, the establishment 10 needs to learn from populists. That means adopting the best of what they offer and discarding the rest 11. 12
The far-from-medium is the message
There is plenty to discard. Hardline populists pursue an antagonistic politics 13, imagining society to be simplistically 14 split between 15 people and elites that have sold them out. They claim a direct connection between 16 politician and citizen that leaves little room for 17 an independent judiciary 18 or free press 19, for assertive minorities 20 or for facts that contradict 21 voters' gut feelings 22. 23
But though populism has included plenty of demagogic swindlers 24, it also contains reformers and democrats 25. The European revolutionaries who animated opposition to 26 absolute monarchy in 27 1848 bore 28 populist traits 29. So did the late 19th- and early 20th-century statesmen who 30 laid the foundations of 31 Western welfare states 32, and anti-regime movements behind 33 the Iron Curtain 34, such as Solidarity, in the 1980s. In the right hands, and distilled from 35 their poisonous ingredients, populists' habits can be useful even to their opponents. 36
Populists vividly communicate ordinary voters' discontent 37. A lot of populism is driven by rage at a political establishment that 38 is guilty of crass selfishness 39: moving from the public sector to lucrative posts in 40 private business, scratching each other's backs, applying open competition to 41 working-class jobs while shielding their own from threat 42. Recent history is littered with examples of 43 mainstream politicians failing to confront emotive political issues in 44 public, including even Angela Merkel in her handling of 45 Germany's refugee crisis. Instead they either hide or employ 46 technocratic arguments 47, with the subtext that 48 there is "no alternative". 49
Communication is empty unless it heeds voters' concerns 50. Where grievances are 51 justified, they deserve attention and remedy. Today support for full-blown populists is 52 often bound up with 53 the dislocation of globalization 54, including rapid industrial change, mass immigration, shifting 55 social values and a declining sense of 56 community. To ignore those issues for fear of raising 57 their salience 58 will only cede them to 59 the rabble-rousers 60. 61
That requires political enterprise. Populists are structural innovators 62. This was true in the past when, for example, the searing inequalities of 63 the late 19th-century "Gilded Age 64" spawned 65 new Marxist parties and the agrarian-populist 66 People's Party in America. And it is true today, evident in 67 the Five Star Movement, founded in 2009, and the far-right Alternative for Germany party, founded in 2013. Their opponents, by contrast, carry a burden of loyalty to 68 dusty old identities and institutions. It is no coincidence that the most successful forces for liberal pluralism in recent years have included Spain's Ciudadanos, founded in 2006 and currently leading polls 69, and Mr Macron's En Marche! in France, founded in 2016. 70
All of which calls for a new way of viewing populists 71. They can be a danger, but their rise is a call for renewal 72 . That was the insight of the late 19th- and early 20th-century reformers, who kept the Marxists and the agrarian populists at bay by 73 judiciously 74 borrowing from them. Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson took on 75 oil and rail cartels, and advocated social insurance 76 on behalf of the man in the street. Otto von Bismarck's introduction of old-age and health insurance in Germany and David Lloyd George's "People's Budget" in Britain in 1909 similarly annexed 77 the populists' political territory. 78
Today's reformers have no shortage of ideas to mine. Mass immigration demands better integration that promptly imparts language skills, jobs and Western values to 79 newcomers. Where recorded crime is rising, as in Germany and Sweden, politicians should admit it and set about 80 tackling the problem 81. Expanded retraining 82 and relocation 83, portable benefits 84 and action against tax evasion 85 can help spread the appreciation of 86 free trade. Galloping automation 87 and digitization invite a remaking of education systems and should prompt reformers to 88 take on tech giants like Google and Amazon in the name of competition and consumer protection. Canada combines immigrant integration, an effective safety-net 89 and economic liberalism 90 better than other major Western countries - and has been the least affected by the recent populist wave. 91
Fragmenting societies and polarized politics make it unlikely that populism's rise will be reversed soon. But its excesses 92 can be contained by seeing it as the impetus for 93 change. Because solving people's problems will bear fruit 94, populism is as much an opportunity as a threat. 95
- see off ; 2. (英) ~를 쫓아내다 ;; 3. (英) (경기·싸움 등에서) ~를 물리치다 [본문으로]
- horde ; 2. [종종 경멸적] (사람의) 떼, 무리, 패, 군중[of]. ;; 동의어 ; CROWD [본문으로]
- the National Front ; The National Front is a right-wing populist and nationalist political party in France. Most political commentators place the FN on the far-right but other sources suggest that the party's position on the political spectrum has become more difficult to define clearly. Owing to the French electoral system, the party's representation in public office has been limited, despite its significant share of the vote. [본문으로]
- national government ; 1. (때로 N- G-) (초당파의) 거국 일치 정부[내각]. ;; 2. 중앙 정부. [본문으로]
- vanquish ; [타동사][VN] (문예체) (경쟁・전쟁 등에서) 완파하다 [본문으로]
- insurgent ; 1. (특히 자국 정부에 대한) 폭도, 반란자 ;; 2. [미] (정당 내의) 반대 분자; [국제법] 반정부 운동가[집단] [본문으로]
- the Five Star Movement ; 오성운동은 코미디언 출신의 정치인 베페 그릴로가 2009년 10월 4일 만든 이탈리아의 정당이다. 오성운동은 생태주의적 경향을 갖고 있으며, 일부 유럽회의주의적인 모습을 보이기도 한다. 또한 오성운동은 직접 민주주의를 지지하며, 인터넷 무료화를 주장하고 있다. 오성운동의 '오성'은 오성운동이 추진한 다섯 가지 이슈를 뜻한다. 이 다섯 가지 이슈는 공공 수도, 지속 가능한 이동성, 개발, 접속 가능성, 생태주의다. [본문으로]
- sniff ; 2. …의 냄새를 맡다. ;; 3. …을 낌새채다, 알아차리다(out). [본문으로]
- in the years to come ; 앞으로 다가올 세월 [본문으로]
- declare ; 1. 선언[선포/공표]하다 ;; 2. 언명하다, 분명히 말하다 [본문으로]
- establishment ; 2. [sing.+ sing./pl. v.] 흔히 the Establishment (못마땅함) (사회) 기득권층, 지배층 [본문으로]
- discard ; 1. [타동사][VN] ~ sb/sth (as sth) (불필요한 것을) 버리다, 폐기하다 [본문으로]
- hardline ; (사람이) 신조를 굽히지 않는, 이론을 고집하는 ; (주장·요구 등이) 타협하지 않는. [본문으로]
- antagonistic ; 반대의, 적대의, 적개심이 있는, 반목하고 있는 ; 길항(拮抗)하는, 상반하는, 서로 용납하지 않는(opposing, hostile). [본문으로]
- simplistically ; [부사] 극단적으로 단순화하여. [본문으로]
- split ; 3. …을 나누다, 분할하다(up)[into, between]; …을 분배하다, 분담하다(up). [본문으로]
- claim ; 1. <권리·유산 등을> (당연한 것으로서) 요구[청구]하다 ;; 동의어 demand ;; 2. <권리·사실을> 주장하다, 승인을 구하다 [본문으로]
- leave room for ; …의 여지가 있다 [본문으로]
- judiciary ; [C+sing./pl. v.] (pl. -ies) 보통 the judiciary 법관[판사]들, 사법부 참고 executive n. ( 3 ), legislature [본문으로]
- free press ; 1. 출판의 자유, 자유 출판권. ;; 2. [집합적] (정부 등의 검열을 받지 않는) 자유로운 출판물. [본문으로]
- assertive ; 단정적인, 독단적인; 자기 주장이 강한; 자신감이 넘치는; 아집이 있는. ;; 단정적인(positive), (완강히) 주장하는, 독단적인(dogmatic) [본문으로]
- contradict ; 1. (어떤 사람의 말을) 부정[부인]하다, 반박하다 ;; 2. [타동사][VN] (진술이나 증거 등이) 모순되다 [본문으로]
- gut feeling ; 직감, 제육감(第六感) [본문으로]
- demagogic ; [형용사] 선동가의; 선동적인 ;; 미국식 [dèməɡɑ́ɡik(əl),-ɡɑ́dƷ-] 영국식 [-ɡɔ́ɡ-,-ɡɔ́dƷ-] [본문으로]
- swindler ; [명사] 사기꾼, 협잡꾼 [본문으로]
- democrat ; 1. 민주주의자, 민주주의 옹호자 ;; 2. (약어:D, Dem.) Democrat (미국의) 민주당원[민주당 지지자] ;; 참고 ; Republican [본문으로]
- animate ; 2. 생기 있게[활기 띠게] 하다; 격려[고무]하다 [본문으로]
- absolute monarchy ; 전제 군주국; [U]전제 군주제[정체(政體)]. ;; <참고> limited monarchy [본문으로]
- bore ; 1. [타동사][VN] (특히 말을 너무 많이 해서) 지루하게[따분하게] 만들다 [본문으로]
- trait ; (pl. traits[treits |treiz, treits]) 1. (마음·성격·인상·습관 따위의) 특성, 특색, 특징(distinguishing feature, characteristic). [본문으로]
- stateman ; (pl. -men / -mən /) (경험 많고 존경받는) 정치인[정치가] [본문으로]
- lay the foundation(s) of[for] ; …의 기초를 놓다, …을 개설[창설]하다 [본문으로]
- welfare state ; 1. 흔히 the Welfare State [주로 단수로] 사회 복지 (제도) ;; 2. [C] 복지 국가 [본문으로]
- antiregime ; (politics) Opposing a regime. [본문으로]
- the Iron Curtain ; [명사] 철의 장막(예전 동구 공산권과 서구 사이에 존재하던 장벽을 가리킴) [본문으로]
- distill ; 4. [비유적] 〔주지·요점 따위〕를 (…으로부터) 뽑다[from]; 〔문체 따위〕를 세련되게 하다, 순화하다. [본문으로]
- vividly ; [부사] 생생하게, 선명하게, 발랄하게 [본문으로]
- discontent ; [U , C] (또한 dis・con・tent・ment / 'dɪskən|tentmənt /) ~ (at/over/with sth) 불만; 불만스러운 것 ;; 참고 ; contentment [본문으로]
- political establishment ; 정치 기구. [본문으로]
- crass ; 1. 우둔한, 미련한(grossly dull or stupid) ; 심한(utter). ;; ORIGIN ;; Latin ; crassus, thick, gross, fat [본문으로]
- post ; 4. JOB | [C] (특히 큰 기관의 중요한) 직책, (일)자리 [본문으로]
- open competition ; (누구라도 참가할 수 있는) 오픈 경기[시합, 경쟁]. [본문으로]
- shield ; (shields[-z]) 1. …을 방패로 막다; …을 보호하다, 감싸다[from, against]. ;; 동의어 ; DEFEND [본문으로]
- litter ; 1. [타동사][VN] 흐트러져[흩어져] 어지럽히다[어수선하게 만들다] ;; 2. [주로 수동태로] ~ (sth) (with sth) (쓰레기 등을) 버리다[버려서 지저분하게 만들다] ;; 3. [타동사][VN] be littered with sth (보통 좋지 않은 것이) 많이 들어[포함되어] 있다 [본문으로]
- emotive ; 1. 감정의[에 관한] ;; 2. <어구 등이> 감정을 나타내는, 감정 표출의 ;; 3. 감정에 호소하는, 감동적인 [본문으로]
- handling ; [U] 1. (상황・사람・동물 등에 대한) 처리[다루기] [본문으로]
- employ ; 2. [타동사][VN] (격식) (기술・방법 등을) 쓰다[이용하다] [본문으로]
- technocratic ; [ADJ] Technocratic means consisting of or influenced by technocrats. [본문으로]
- subtext ; [명사] 언외(言外)의 의미, 숨은 이유 [본문으로]
- heed ; [타동사][VN] (격식) (남의 충고・경고에) 주의를 기울이다 [본문으로]
- concern ; 1. WORRY | [U , C] ~ (about/for/over sth/sb) | ~ (that…) (특히 많은 사람들이 공유하는) 우려[걱정] ;; 3. STH IMPORTANT | [C] 중요한 것, 관심사 ;; 참고 ; unconcern [본문으로]
- grievance ; 1. 불평[불만, 고충]의 씨[원인]. ;; 2. (부당한 행위에 대한) 노여움, 불평, 불만[against]. [본문으로]
- full-blown ; [형용사] (명사 앞에만 씀) …의 모든 특성을 갖춘, 완전히 발달한[진행된] ;; 1. (꽃이) 만발한; 완전히 성숙한. ;; 2. 모든 특성[조건]을 갖춘, 완전한, 본격적인. ;; 3. (병이) 악화된, 상당히 진행된. ;; 4. (돛이) 바람을 잔뜩 받은. [본문으로]
- be bound up with ; 1. …와 밀접한 관계가 있다, 이해 관계가 같다; …에 의존하다 ;; 2. …로 굳히다 [본문으로]
- dislocation ; [UC]탈구(脫臼); 전위(轉位); 질서의 붕괴, 혼란; [地](암석의) 전위, 단층 [본문으로]
- shifting ; 1. 이동하는; 바뀌는, <풍향 등이> 변하기 쉬운 [본문으로]
- declining ; 기우는; 떨어지는, 하락하는; 쇠퇴하는. [본문으로]
- for fear of sth[of doing sth] ; …을 두려워하여; …하면 안 되니까, …이 없도록 ;; …을 무서워하여; …에 대한 공포에서; …이 무서워서 ;; …할까 봐 (두려워서) ;; 동의어 ; for fear (that)… [본문으로]
- salience (saliency) ; 1. [U]돌출, 돌기; [C]돌기물; [軍](요새·전선·참호에서) 돌출된 부분 ;; 2. [UC](비유)특징; (이야기·토론 따위의) 중요점, 고비 ;; 미국∙영국 [séiliəns(i)] [본문으로]
- cede ; [타동사][VN] ~ sth (to sb) (격식) (마지못해) 양도[이양]하다 ;; 참고 ; cession ;; 미국∙영국 [si:d] [본문으로]
- rabble-rouser ; [명사] 대중 선동가 [본문으로]
- enterprise ; 4. [U] (호감) 진취성, 기획력 [본문으로]
- structural ; 5. 정치[경제] 조직의[에 의한]. [본문으로]
- searing ; [주로 명사 앞에 씀], (격식) 1. 타는[태울] 듯한 ;; 2. (말・연설이) 혹독한 [본문으로]
- glided age ; [명사] (미국 남북 전쟁 후의) 금박 시대, 대호황 시대. [본문으로]
- spawn ; 2. [타동사][VN] (흔히 못마땅함) (어떤 결과・상황을) 낳다 [본문으로]
- agrarian ; [형용사] 토지의, 농지[경지]의, 토지 문제의; 농업의 [본문으로]
- evident ; ~ (to sb) (that…) | ~ (in/from sth) 분명한, 눈에 띄는 [본문으로]
- loyalty to ; …에 대한 충성[충실함]. [본문으로]
- leading ; 3. 주요한, 주된(chief); 주역(主役)의, 주연의 ;; 4. 유력한 [본문으로]
- call for ; 필요로 하다, 찾다, 촉구하다 [본문으로]
- view ; [vn] 1. THINK ABOUT STH | ~ sb/sth as sth | ~ sb/sth with sth (…라고) 여기다[보다/생각하다] [본문으로]
- renewal ; [UC/] 1. 일신, 새롭게 하기[되기] ;; 2. 부흥, 부활; 재생, 소생 [본문으로]
- at bay ; (사냥감이) 궁지에 몰린[더 이상 달아날 수 없게 된] ;; be[stand] at bay ; 궁지에 빠지다 [본문으로]
- judiciously ; [부사] 분별력 있게, 사려 깊게. [본문으로]
- take on ; [동사] 떠맡다; 고용하다; 태우다; 떠들어대다, 흥분하다; 인기를 얻다; …와 대전[대결]하다. ;; 동의어 ; undertake, assume; employ, hire; carry on board; become excited; become popular; [본문으로]
- advocate ; (격식) (공개적으로) 지지하다[옹호하다] [본문으로]
- annex ; [타동사][VN] (국가・지역 등을 특히 무력으로) 합병하다 [본문으로]
- promptly ; 1. 기민하게, 민첩하게; 즉시; 즉시불로. ;; 2. 딱, 정확히. [본문으로]
- impart ; impart ; 2. …을 주다, 부여하다[to]. [본문으로]
- set about ; (수동태로는 안 씀) ~을 시작하다 [본문으로]
- tackle ; 1. [타동사][VN] (힘든 문제・상황과) 씨름하다 [본문으로]
- expanded ; 넓어진, 확대된, 확장된, 열린; [인쇄] (활자의) 폭이 넓은 [본문으로]
- relocation ; 1. 재배치, 배치 전환 [본문으로]
- portable benefits ; 이동식 급부[수혜] ((전직(轉職)한 근로자의 건강 보험·연금제 등의 자격 유지)) [본문으로]
- tax evasion ; [명사] 탈세 ;; 참고 ; tax avoidance [본문으로]
- appreciation ; 5. (인물·상황 등에 대한) 평가, 의견, 평언(評言) [본문으로]
- galloping ; [형용사] (명사 앞에만 씀) 급증하는, 급속히 진행[확산]되는 [본문으로]
- prompt ; 1. 자극하다, 격려하다(inspire) ((to)); 촉구하다, 부추기다 [본문으로]
- safety net ; 1. (사회적인) 안전망 ;; 2. [비유적] 안전 보장, 안전책; 사회 보장 (제도). sáfe·ty-nèt 형용사 [본문으로]
- economic liberalism ; Economic liberalism is an economic system organized on individual lines, which means the greatest possible number of economic decisions are made by individuals or households rather than by collective institutions or organizations.[1] It includes a spectrum of different economic policies, such as freedom of movement, but its basis is on strong support for a market economy and private property in the means of production. Although economic liberals can also be supportive of government regulation to a certain degree, they tend to oppose government intervention in the free market when it inhibits free trade and open competition. [본문으로]
- fragment ; [자,타동사][V, VN] 산산이 부수다[부서지다], 해체되다[하다] [본문으로]
- excess ; 4. [pl.] excesses 도를 넘는 행위(월권・방종・폭행 등) [본문으로]
- impetus ; 1. [U , sing.] ~ (for sth) | ~ (to sth/to do sth) (일의 추진에 필요한) 자극(제)[추동력] ;; 미국∙영국 [|ɪmpɪtəs] [본문으로]
- bear fruit ; 결실을 보다[맺다] [본문으로]