[Annotated] South Korea's president is impeached

Now for a snap election^[각주:1]

She blocked investigators from entering the Blue House^[각주:2], the presidential residence^[각주:3] where she had holed up^[각주:4] after the National Assembly^[각주:5] asked the constitutional court to remove her from office in December. She refused to be questioned, and attended none of the 20 hearings^[각주:6] at which the court heard evidence against^[각주:7] her. Three weeks ago she demanded the ejection of^[각주:8] one of the justices hearing the case. 

It all did Park Geun-hye more harm than good^[각주:9]. On March 10th she became the first president of South Korea to be removed from office by the court, which upheld^[각주:10] the assembly's impeachment motion^[각주:11]. It determined that she had not only conspired with^[각주:12] a confidante^[각주:13] to extort^[각주:14] money from big firms, but had also attempted to conceal^[각주:15] her wrongdoing^[각주:16]. Ms Park was permanently removed from office, cutting short^[각주:17] her five-year term by 11 months.

For the time being^[각주:18] Hwang Kyo-ahn, the prime minister^[각주:19] at the time of Ms Park's impeachment, will stay on as^[각주:20] acting president^[각주:21]. But the court's decision means that an election for a replacement^[각주:22] must be held within 60 days; it was set this week for May 9th. Moon Jae-in, a former head of the opposition Minju party, who ran against^[각주:23] Ms Park in 2012, is the favorite to win^[각주:24]. His approval ratings^[각주:25] hover around^[각주:26] 32%, a full 15 percentage points ahead of the next-most-popular contender^[각주:27], Ahn Hee-jung, another progressive^[각주:28]. Mr Moon says he can bring Jaejosanha: a rebuilding of the country, after nearly a decade of conservative rule.

But Mr Moon remains divisive^[각주:29]. Many associate him with^[각주:30] "old-school^[각주:31] leftism", according to Choi Jin of the Institute of Presidential Leadership, a think-tank in Seoul - cooler on South Korea's alliance with^[각주:32] America, warmer on talking to North Korea. That puts off^[각주:33] older voters, who see his approach as a threat to the country's security (many carried the American flag at rallies protecting against^[각주:34] Ms Park's impeachment). Others among the millions of South Koreans who agitated for^[각주:35] Ms Park's removal from^[각주:36] office expect the next president to satisfy their demands for a fairer political system.

Three parties have formed a coalition^[각주:37] to call for a separate referendum^[각주:38] to be held alongside^[각주:39] the vote on May 9th, to limit the presidential term^[각주:40] to four years with the possibility of a single re-election^[각주:41], as in America. Mr Moon says he supports some such reform in principle^[각주:42], but does not want to rush the decision^[각주:43] or muddy^[각주:44] the election campaign with it. Mr Choi says the question of whether there should be institutional checks on the head of state will be at the heart of the election.

For Ms Park's successor, building consensus^[각주:45] will be crucial, says Park Hyung-jun of Sungkyunkwan University (no relation). Hard generational divides^[각주:46] have surfaced in^[각주:47] the scandal: in recent weeks police have set up barricades at large demonstrations to stop Ms Park's friends and foes^[각주:48] clashing^[각주:49]. A vocal^[각주:50], mostly older minority feels that Ms Park has been the victim of a left-wing witch hunt: on hearing the verdict^[각주:51] outside the constitutional court^[각주:52], many wept^[각주:53] and blared out^[각주:54] the national anthem^[각주:55] in defiance^[각주:56]. Cheers^[각주:57] rose from^[각주:58] the jubilant^[각주:59] anti-Park camp, as they struck gongs^[각주:60] and danced to chants of^[각주:61] "We won!"

The court was unanimous^[각주:62] in its verdict, even though five of the eight judges had a conservative bent^[각주:63] and two had been appointed by Ms Park. The charges fell into^[각주:64] five broad categories: abuse of authority in the appointment of government officials^[각주:65]; failure to protect citizens' lives; violation of press freedom^[각주:66]; receiving bribes; and extortion^[각주:67] in conjunction with^[각주:68] Choi Soon-sil, a friend of many years. The justices^[각주:69] concluded that there was not enough evidence to prove the first three claims^[각주:70], and did not even address the allegations^[각주:71] of bribery^[각주:72]. But Ms Park could not be trusted to uphold^[각주:73] the constitution, they said, since she had divulged^[각주:74] state secrets to Ms Choi (who held no official position) and colluded with^[각주:75] her to coerce^[각주:76] conglomerates^[각주:77] to funnel^[각주:78] donations to two cultural organizations that Ms Choi controlled.

The court also said that Ms Park's attempts to hide the truth had hindered^[각주:79] a parallel^[각주:80] investigation by a special prosecutor^[각주:81], whom she herself had appointed in December after accusing the state prosecutors of bias^[각주:82]. The justices noted that she had repeatedly pooh-poohed^[각주:83] the accusations against^[각주:84] her, "damaging the rule of law and representative democracy^[각주:85]". The aloof^[각주:86] and imperious^[각주:87] style that characterized^[각주:88] Ms Park's presidency also cut it short^[각주:89]; Choi Jong-kun of Yonsei University says she "looked down on^[각주:90] the entire legal process^[각주:91]". 

Three-quarters of South Koreans approved of^[각주:92] Ms Park's impeachment - an extraordinary reversal^[각주:93] for a dynast^[각주:94] whose ascent to^[각주:95] the presidency had long seemed inevitable. She herself believed she owed it to^[각주:96] her parents: Park Chung-hee, who served as^[각주:97] president for 18 years after seizing power^[각주:98] in a coup, and Yuk Young-soo. Both were assassinated^[각주:99] in separate incidents in the 1970s. Ms Park became an MP in 1998, and the leader of the main conservative party in 2004. Much of her support stemmed from^[각주:100] a stubborn reverence for^[각주:101] her father felt by older voters.

On March 15th state prosecutors summoned^[각주:102] Ms Park, who has lost her immunity from^[각주:103] criminal investigation along with^[각주:104] her job, as a suspect in the months-long investigation into her alleged^[각주:105] abuse of power and the sordid^[각주:106] collusion^[각주:107] between political and corporate elites. High-ups^[각주:108] in the chaebol, family-owned conglomerates which prospered under Ms Park's father, have routinely^[각주:109] been convicted of^[각주:110] criminal wrongdoing^[각주:111], then offered presidential pardons^[각주:112]. Ms Park herself granted dozens, despite a campaign pledge^[각주:113] to limit a practice that "undermined^[각주:114] the rule of law".

This time Lee Jae-yong, heir to^[각주:115] the Samsung empire, has been put behind bars^[각주:116] while being tried for bribery^[각주:117]. Samsung was the biggest donor to Ms Choi's foundations - handing over^[각주:118] 43bn won ($38m) - in return^[각주:119], prosecutors allege^[각주:120], for government support^[각주:121] for a controversial corporate restructuring^[각주:122] in 2015. Samsung admits it gave the funds, but say the donations were not in return for any favors^[각주:123]. Ms Choi (who, the special prosecutor revealed, owns 36 properties and whose personal wealth^[각주:124] stands at^[각주:125] 23bn won) is also on trial^[각주:126].

South Koreans will expect to see swift^[각주:127] progress on these momentous^[각주:128] trials, and due punishment^[각주:129]. Every president since the country's democratic transition^[각주:130] in the 1980s has been ensnared by^[각주:131] corruption scandals. The shift to^[각주:132] a fresh political set-up^[각주:133] fit for^[각주:134] a modern, vibrant^[각주:135] democracy has been too long delayed, says Mr Park of Sungkyunkwan University. In the early days of the scandal protesters, outraged by^[각주:136] what they saw as a complete institutional^[각주:137] breakdown^[각주:138], held placards^[각주:139] asking, "Is this a country?" The day after the verdict, hundreds brandished^[각주:140] new ones: "This is a country. This is justice."

1. snap election ; An election that the ruler or party that is in power calls before the regularly scheduled election time, in order to serve a political purpose. ;; 문맥상 "조기 대선"을 의미 하는듯 [본문으로]
2. the Blue House ; 청와대 [본문으로]
3. the presidential residence ; 대통령 관저 [본문으로]
4. hole up ; (비격식) (어떤 장소에) 숨다 ;; 동의어 be holed up [본문으로]
5. national assembly ; [the ~] 국회; 프랑스 하원; (프랑스 혁명 당시의) 국민 의회 [본문으로]
6. hearing ; 2. [C] 공판, 심리, 공청회, 청문회 [본문으로]
7. hear evidence ; 증언을 듣다 [본문으로]
8. ejection ; 2. (법) (토지·가옥에서의) 방축(放逐), 퇴거 [본문으로]
9. do more harm than good ; 백해무익하다 [본문으로]
10. uphold ; 2. (특히 법정에서) (이전의 판결을) 확인하다, (요구 사항의 타당성을) 인정하다 [본문으로]
11. motion ; 3. [C] 발의; 동의 [본문으로]
12. conspire ; …와 공모하다 [본문으로]
13. confidant ; [명사] 여성형 also con・fi・dante (비밀도 털어놓는 절친한) 친구 [본문으로]
14. extort ; [타동사][VN] ~ sth (from sb) 갈취하다 [본문으로]
15. conceal ; [타동사][VN] ~ sb/sth (from sb/sth) (격식) 감추다, 숨기다 [본문으로]
16. wrongdoing ; [U , C] (격식) 범법[부정] 행위, 비행 [본문으로]
17. cut short ; [동사] 갑자기 끝내다; 가로막다; 삭감하다. [본문으로]
18. for the time being ; 당분간, 당장(當場)에, 잠시 동안 [본문으로]
19. prime minister ; 국무총리, 수상(Premier) [본문으로]
20. stay on as ; …로서 계속 남다. [본문으로]
21. acting president ; (법률) 대통령권한대행자, 사장대리 [본문으로]
22. replacement ; 3. [C] ~ (for sb) (다른 사람이 하던 일을) 대신할 사람, 후임자 [본문으로]
23. run against ; 3. …에게 불리해지다, …에 반대하다 [본문으로]
24. favorite to win ; 우승 후보 [본문으로]
25. approval rate ; 지지도, 지지율 [본문으로]
26. hover ; 3. [자,타동사][+ adv. / prep.] (무엇의 가까이・불확실한 상태에) 계속 맴돌다[머물다] [본문으로]
27. contender ; [명사] (어떤 것을 두고 겨루는) 도전자[경쟁자] [본문으로]
28. progressive ; [명사] [주로 복수로] 진보주의자 [본문으로]
29. divisive ; (못마땅함) 분열을 초래하는 ;; 참고 divide [본문으로]
30. associate ; 1. [타동사][VN] ~ sb/sth (with sb/sth) 연상하다, 결부[연관]짓다 [본문으로]
31. old school ; [형용사] 구식의, 전통적인 [본문으로]
32. alliance ; [명사] ~ (with sb/sth) | ~ (between A and B) 동맹, 연합 [본문으로]
33. put off ; ~에게 ~에 대한 흥미[열의]를 잃게 만들다 [본문으로]
34. protect against ; …로부터 지키다. [본문으로]
35. agitate for ; …에 대한 찬성을 부르짖다. [본문으로]
36. removal from ; …로부터의 제거[이동]. [본문으로]
37. coalition ; 1. [C+sing./pl. v.] (둘 이상의 정당으로 구성된) 연립 정부, 연정 [본문으로]
38. referendum ; [C , U] (pl. ref・er・en・dums 또는 ref・er・enda) ~ (on sth) 국민 투표, 총선거 [본문으로]
39. alongside ; [전치사] 2. …와 함께; …와 동시에 [본문으로]
40. presidential term ; 대통령 임기 [본문으로]
41. re-election ; 재선 ;;single re-election이라 표현하면서 한번 더 연임 할 수 있는 시스템을 이야기 함 [본문으로]
42. in principle ; 원칙적으로[이론상으로는], 원론적으로 [본문으로]
43. rush a decision ; 결정을 서두르다, 황급히 결정하다 [본문으로]
44. muddy ; [타동사][VN] (mud・dies , muddy・ing , mud・died , mud・died) 흐리게[탁하게] 만들다 [본문으로]
45. build consensus ; 합의를 도출하다, 합의를 이끌어내다 [본문으로]
46. generational divide ; 세대간의 격차, ;; divide ; 1. DIFFERENCE | ~ (between A and B) (사람들의 집단을 구분하는) 차이점 [본문으로]
47. surface ; 2. [자동사][V] (한동안 숨어 있던 것이 갑자기) 나타나다[드러나다], 표면화되다 [본문으로]
48. foe ; (구식 또는 격식) 적(敵) [본문으로]
49. clash ; 3. BE DIFFERENT | [자동사][V] ~ (with sth) (신념・생각・성격 등이) 충돌하다, 차이를 보이다 [본문으로]
50. vocal ; 2. (의견을) 강경하게 밝히는, 소리 높여 항의하는 [본문으로]
51. verdict ; 2. ~ (on sth/sb) (숙고・확인 뒤에 내린) 의견[결정] [본문으로]
52. constitutional court ; 헌법재판소 [본문으로]
53. weep ; 1. ~ (for/with sth) | ~ (at/over sth) (격식 또는 문예체) 울다, 눈물을 흘리다 [본문으로]
54. blare out ; if music blares out, or a radio, etc. blares out music, it is produced or played very loudly [본문으로]
55. national anthem ; [명사] 국가(國歌) [본문으로]
56. in defiance of ; [법·명령 따위]를 무시하여, 무릅쓰고 ;; defiance ; [U] (공개적으로 하는) 반항[저항] [본문으로]
57. cheer ; 1. [C] 환호(성), 응원의 함성 [본문으로]
58. rise from ; …에서 다시 살아나다. [본문으로]
59. jubilant ; [형용사] 승리감에 넘치는, 득의만면한, 의기양양한 [본문으로]
60. gong ; 1. (악기・신호용) 공[징] [본문으로]
61. dance to ; …에 맞추어 춤추다. [본문으로]
62. unanimous ; 2. ~ (in sth) (사람들이) 모두 뜻[의견]이 같은 [본문으로]
63. bent ; [주로 단수로] ~ (for sth) 소질; 취향 [본문으로]
64. fall into ; ~으로 나뉘다 [본문으로]
65. government official ; [명사] 관리, 국가 공무원. [본문으로]
66. press freedom ; 출판·보도의 자유 [본문으로]
67. extortion ; 1. 강요, 강탈, 강청; [법] (관리의) 직무상의 부당 취득, 재물 강요(죄) ((금전·유가물의)) [본문으로]
68. in conjunction with ; …와 함께 [본문으로]
69. the justice ; 사법관, (총칭) judges and prosecutors [본문으로]
70. claim ; 1. SAYING STH IS TRUE | [C] ~ (that…) 주장 [본문으로]
71. allegation ; ~ (of sth) (against sb) | ~ (that…) | ~ (about sb/sth) (증거 없이 누가 부정한 일을 했다는) 혐의[주장] [본문으로]
72. bribery ; [U] 뇌물 수수 [본문으로]
73. uphold ; 1. (법・원칙 등을) 유지시키다[옹호하다] [본문으로]
74. divulge ; ~ sth (to sb) (격식) (비밀을) 알려주다[누설하다] [본문으로]
75. collude ; [자동사][V] ~ (with sb) (in sth/in doing sth) | ~ (with sb) (to do sth) (격식 못마땅함) 공모[결탁]하다 [본문으로]
76. coerce ; ~ sb (into sth/into doing sth) (격식) (협박하여) 강압하다[강제하다] [본문으로]
77. conglomerate ; 1. [C] (상업) (거대) 복합 기업, 대기업 [본문으로]
78. funnel ; (-ll- , 美 -l-) (깔때기같이 좁은 공간 속을) 이동하다[이동시키다] [본문으로]
79. hinder ; [타동사][VN] ~ sb/sth (from sth/from doing sth) 저해[방해]하다, …을 못하게 하다 ;; 참고 hindrance [본문으로]
80. parallel ; 2. (둘 이상의 일이) 아주 유사한[병행하는] [본문으로]
81. special prosecutor ; 특별 검사 [본문으로]
82. accuse ~ of ~ ; ~를 ~라는 이유로 비난하다 [본문으로]
83. pooh-pooh ; [타동사][VN] (비격식) (남의 제안・생각 등에) 콧방귀를 뀌다 [본문으로]
84. an accusation against ; …에 대한 고소[고발, 비난, 혐의] [본문으로]
85. representative democracy ; 대의원[대표]제 민주주의. [본문으로]
86. aloof ; [형용사] (대개 명사 앞에는 안 씀) 냉담한 [본문으로]
87. imperious ; [형용사] (격식) 고압적인 [본문으로]
88. characterize ; 1. (…의) 특징이 되다 [본문으로]
89. cut ... short ; 1. [목숨·행동 따위]를 갑자기 끝내다 [본문으로]
90. look down on ; ~을 낮춰 보다[얕보다], 경시하다 [본문으로]
91. legal process ; 법적 절차 [본문으로]
92. approve of ; ~을 승인하다 [본문으로]
93. reversal ; 2. [C] 좌절 [본문으로]
94. dynast ; [명사] (왕조의 세습) 군주, 왕, 주권자, 통치자 [본문으로]
95. ascent ; 3. [U] (격식) 상승, 향상 [본문으로]
96. owe ; 3. ~ sth to sb/sth | ~ sb sth ~(의 존재・성공)은 ~ 덕분이다, ~을 ~에게 빚지다[신세지다] [본문으로]
97. serve as ; …의 역할을 하다 [본문으로]
98. seize power ; 권력을 잡다. [본문으로]
99. assassinate ; [타동사][VN] [흔히 수동태로] 암살하다 [본문으로]
100. stem from ; (진행형으로는 쓰이지 않음) ~에서 생겨나다[기인하다], 유래하다 [본문으로]
101. reverence for ; …에 대한 존경. [본문으로]
102. summon ; 1. (격식) (법원으로) 소환하다 [본문으로]
103. immunity from ; …의 면제. [본문으로]
104. along with ; ~에 덧붙여; ~와 마찬가지로 [본문으로]
105. alleged ; [형용사] (증거 없이) 주장된 [본문으로]
106. sordid ; [형용사] 비도덕적인, 부정직한, 추악한 [본문으로]
107. collusion ; [U] (격식 못마땅함) 공모, 결탁 [본문으로]
108. high-up ; [명사] (英 비격식) 지위[신분]가 높은 사람, 요인(要人), 고관 [본문으로]
109. routinely ; [부사] 일상적으로, 판에 박힌 듯, 관례대로. [본문으로]
110. convict ; [타동사][VN] [흔히 수동태로] ~ sb (of sth) 유죄를 선고하다, 유죄 판결을 내리다 [본문으로]
111. wrongdoing ; [U , C] (격식) 범법[부정] 행위, 비행 [본문으로]
112. presidential pardon ; 대통령 사면 [본문으로]
113. campaign pledge ; 선거 공약 [본문으로]
114. undermine ; 1. (특히 자신감・권위 등을) 약화시키다 [본문으로]
115. heir to ; …의 상속인. [본문으로]
116. be put behind the bars ; 감옥에 갇히다 [본문으로]
117. be tried for ~ ; ~의 죄로 심리(재판에 회부)되다 [본문으로]
118. hand over ; (공식적으로·격식을 갖추어) ~을 넘겨주다[양도하다] [본문으로]
119. in return ; (~에 대한) 보답[답례]으로 [본문으로]
120. allege ; [흔히 수동태로] (격식) (증거 없이) 혐의를 제기하다[주장하다] [본문으로]
121. government support ; 정부의 원조, 지원 [본문으로]
122. restructure ; [타,자동사][VN, V] 구조를 조정하다[개혁하다] [본문으로]
123. in return for ; [부사] …의 답으로서, 답례로서; 대가로, …와 맞바꾸어. ;; 동의어 as a reciprocity [exchange] for. [본문으로]
124. personal wealth ; 개인 재산 [본문으로]
125. stand ; 7. BE AT HEIGHT/LEVEL | [자동사][V] ~ at sth (수준・양 등이) …이다 [본문으로]
126. on trial ; 심문을 받고, 심리[재판]중에 [본문으로]
127. swift ; 1. ~ (to do sth) (일・진행 등이) 신속한[재빠른] [본문으로]
128. momentous ; [형용사] 중대한 [본문으로]
129. due punishment ; 응분의 처벌, 상응하는 벌 [본문으로]
130. transition ; [U , C] ~ (from sth) (to sth) | ~ (between A and B) (다른 상태・조건으로의) 이행(移行)[과도(過渡)] [본문으로]
131. ensnare ; [타동사][VN] (격식) (올가미에 걸리듯) 걸려들게[빠지게] 하다 [본문으로]
132. shift to ; …쪽으로의 변화. [본문으로]
133. set-up ; [주로 단수로], (비격식) 1. 구성 (방식); 체제 [본문으로]
134. fit for ; …에 적임인. [본문으로]
135. vibrant ; 1. 활기찬, 생기가 넘치는 [본문으로]
136. outrage ; [타동사][VN] [흔히 수동태로] 격분[격노]하게 만들다 [본문으로]
137. institutional ; [주로 명사 앞에 씀] 기관의; 보호 시설의 [본문으로]
138. breakdown ; 2. [C , U] (관계・논의・시스템의) 실패[결렬/와해] [본문으로]
139. placard ; 플래카드, 현수막, 펼침막 [본문으로]
140. brandish ; [타동사][VN] (특히 무기를) 휘두르다 [본문으로]