[Annotated] Yi Sun-sin

Yi Sun-sin was a Korean naval commander, famed for his victories against the Japanese navy during the Imjin war in the Joseon Dynasty, and is well-respected^[각주:1] for his exemplary^[각주:2] conduct on and off^[각주:3] the battlefield not only by Koreans, but by Japanese admirals as well. Military historians have placed^[각주:4] General Yi Sun-sin on par with^[각주:5] Admiral Horatio Nelson as arguably^[각주:6] the greatest naval commander in history for his undefeated^[각주:7] record against seemingly^[각주:8] insurmountable^[각주:9] odds^[각주:10] despite no background in naval training. His title of Samdo Sugun Tongjesa, literally meaning "Naval Commander of the Three Provinces," was the title for the commander of the Korean navy until 1896.

Perhaps his most remarkable military achievement occurred at the Battle of Myeongnyang. Outnumbered^[각주:11] 133 warships to 13, and forced into a last stand^[각주:12] with only his minimal fleet standing between the Japanese Army and Seoul, he still managed to leave 31 of the 133 Japanese warships either destroyed or impaired^[각주:13], without losing a single ship of his own.

Despite never having received naval training or participating in naval combat prior to^[각주:14] the war, and constantly being outnumbered and outsupplied, he went to his grave as one of few admirals in world history who remained undefeated after commanding as many naval battles as he did (at least 23).

Yi died at the Battle of Noryang on December 16, 1596. With the Japanese army on the verge of^[각주:15] being completely expelled from^[각주:16] the Korean Peninsula, he was mortally^[각주:17] wounded by a single bullet. His famous dying words were, "The battle is at its height^[각주:18]... beat my war drums... do not announce^[각주:19] my death." 

The royal court^[각주:20] eventually bestowed^[각주:21] various honors upon him, including a posthumous title^[각주:22] of Chungmugong (Duke of^[각주:23] Loyalty and Warfare), an enrollment^[각주:24] as a Seonmu lideung Gongsin (First-class military order of merit^[각주:25] during the reign^[각주:26] of Seonjo), and two posthumous offices, Yeonguijeong (Prime Minister), and the Deokpung Buwongun (The Prince of the Court from Deokpung). Yi remains a venerated^[각주:27] hero among Koreans today.

Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598)

Yi is remembered for his numerous^[각주:28] victories fighting the Japanese during the Japanese invasions of Korea. Among his twenty-three victories, the Battle of Myeongnyang and the Battle of Hansan Island are the most famous battles. 

In 1592, Toyotomi Hideyoshi gave the order to invade Korea and use it as a forward base^[각주:29] to conquer Ming China. After the Japanese attacked Busan, Yi began his naval operations from his headquarters^[각주:30] at Yeosu. Despite never having commanded^[각주:31] a naval battle in his life, he won the Battle of Okpo, Battle of Sacheon, and several others in quick succession^[각주:32]. His string of^[각주:33] victories made the Japanese generals suddenly wary of^[각주:34] the threat at sea.

Hideyoshi was fully aware of the need to control the seas during the invasion. Having failed to hire two Portuguese galleons to help him, he increased the size of his own fleet to 1700 vessels, assuming that he could overwhelm^[각주:35] the Joseon navy with numerical superiority^[각주:36].

There were numerous reasons why Yi was so successful against the Japanese fleets. Yi had prepared for the war by checking the status of his soldiers, granaries^[각주:37], and supplies, replacing them when it was necessary. As part of this preparation, Yi resurrected^[각주:38] and built the turtle ship, which was a considerable factor in his victories. Yi also had a great deal of information about the southern Korean coast and he planned his battles using the sea tides^[각주:39] and narrow straits to his advantage. 

Yi was a charismatic leader, and was able to maintain his soldiers' morale^[각주:40] despite constantly being low on supplies and food, and continuous^[각주:41] news of countless^[각주:42] Korean losses in ground battles. In some records, it is stated that he went as far as to personally fulfill some of his soldiers' dying wishes. He demonstrated his loyalty to^[각주:43] the people by treating them with respect and fighting amongst them even when endangered^[각주:44]. Because of this, Admiral Yi became immensely^[각주:45] popular among his soldiers and the Korean people, who often provided him with intelligence reports^[각주:46] at great risk to themselves.

The Joseon panokseon were structurally^[각주:47] stronger than Japanese ships at the time. Panokseon had stronger hulls^[각주:48] and could carry at least 20 cannons, compared to the Japanese 1 or 2. Japanese ship-mounted^[각주:49] cannons were inferior to^[각주:50] the Koreans' in both range and power. Cannon development had been neglected by^[각주:51] the Korean government, so Yi personally saw to it that^[각주:52] the technology was developed. As such^[각주:53], the Korean side had several different types of cannons at their disposal in battle^[각주:54].

Admiral Yi was an excellent naval strategist^[각주:55]. The Japanese navy's strongest tactic was to board^[각주:56] enemy ships and engage in^[각주:57] hand-to-hand combat^[각주:58]. The panokseon was slower than the Japanese ships so Yi had little room for error to negate^[각주:59] the Japanese navy's most dangerous tactic. He was able to do so in every naval engagement^[각주:60] he commanded.

As Yi's brilliance as a strategist revealed itself throughout the war, his legend grew. In what could be considered his greatest victory in the Battle of Myeongnyand, Yi proved^[각주:61] victorious^[각주:62] in the battle with 13 panokseon, while the Japanese had at least 333 ships (133 warships, at least 200 logistical support^[각주:63] ships).

It was largely due to Yi's complete control of the seas that the Japanese were eventually forced to retreat^[각주:64], keeping Joseon safe from another Japanese invasion until the end of the war.

Four campaigns of 1592

A Japanese invasion force^[각주:65] landed at Busan and Dadaejin, port cities^[각주:66] on the southern tip of Joseon. The Japanese, without, meeting any naval resistance^[각주:67], quickly captured these ports and began a lightning march north. They reached Seoul in just nineteen days, on May 2, 1592, due to the military inefficiency^[각주:68] of the Joseon army, especially at the Battle of Sangju and the failure to defend Joreong Pass 

After capturing Hanseong and Pyongyang, the Japanese planned to cross the Yalu River into Chinese territory, and use the waters west of the Korean peninsula to supply the invasion. However, Yi Sun-sin was able to stay informed on all his enemy's activities.

First campaign

Yi had never officially studied naval warfare^[각주:69] in his limited time in the military academy, and neither he, nor his subordinates^[각주:70] had experienced naval combat before the Japanese invasion.

On the June 13, 1592, Admiral Yi and Admiral Yi Eok-gi (1561-1592), the commander of the Right Jeolla navy, set sail with^[각주:71] 24 Panokseons, 15 small warships, and 46 boats (i.e. fishing boats), and arrived at the waters of the Gyeongsang Province by sunset. Next day, the Jeolla fleet sailed to the arranged location where Admiral Won Gyun (1540-1597) was supposed to meet them, and met the admiral on June 15. The augmented^[각주:72] flotilla^[각주:73] of 91 ships then began circumnavigating^[각주:74] the Geoje Island, bound for^[각주:75] the Gadeok Island, but scouting vessels^[각주:76] detected^[각주:77] 50 Japanese vessels at the Okpo harbor. Upon sighting the approaching Korean fleet, some of the Japanese who had been busying themselves with^[각주:78] plundering^[각주:79] got back to their ships, and began to flee^[각주:80]. At this, the Korean fleet encircled^[각주:81] the Japanese ships and finished them with artillery bombardments^[각주:82]. The Koreans spotted five more Japanese vessels that night, and managed to destroy four. The next day, the Koreans approached 13 Japanese ships at Jeokjinpo as reported by the intelligence^[각주:83]. In the same manner^[각주:84] as the previous success at Okpo, the Korean fleet destroyed 11 Japanese ships - completing the Battle of Okpo without a loss of a single ship.

Second campaign 

About three weeks after the Battle of Okpo, Admirals Yi and Won sailed with a total of 26 ships (23 under Admiral Yi) toward the Bay of Sacheon upon receiving an intelligence report^[각주:85] of a Japanese presence. Admiral Yi had left behind^[각주:86] his fishing vessels that used to make up^[각주:87] most of his fleet in favor of^[각주:88] his newly completed Turtle ship. Admiral Yi ordered the fleet to feign^[각주:89] withdrawal^[각주:90], which caused the Japanese to eagerly pursue the Korean fleet with their 12 vessels. With the Japanese ships drawn out of the safety of the harbor, the Korean navy countered^[각주:91], and with the Turtle Ship leading the charge, they successfully destroyed all 12 ships. Admiral Yi was shot by a bullet in his left shoulder, but survived. 

On July 10, 1592, the Korean fleet destroyed 21 Japanese ships at the Battle of Dangpo. On July 13, they destroyed 26 Japanese warship at the Battle of Danghangpo.

Third campaign 

In response to^[각주:92] the Korean navy's success, Toyotomi Hideyoshi recalled^[각주:93] three admirals from land-based^[각주:94]: Wakizaka Yasuharu, Kato Yoshiaki and Kuki Yoshitaka. They were the only ones with naval responsibilities in the entirety of the Japanese invasion forces. However, the admirals arrived in^[각주:95] Busan nine days before Hideyoshi's order was actually issued, and assembled^[각주:96] a squadron^[각주:97] to counter the Korean navy. Eventually Admiral Wakizaka completed his preparations, and his eagerness to win military honor pushed him to launch an attack against^[각주:98] the Koreans without waiting for the other admirals to finish.

The combined Korean navy of 70 ships under the commands of Admirals Yi Sun-sin and Yi Eok-gi was carrying out a search-and-destroy operation^[각주:99] because the Japanese troops on land were advancing into^[각주:100] the Jeolla Province. The Jeolla Province was the only Korean territory to be untouched by a major military action, and served as home for the three admirals and the only active Korean naval force. The admirals considered it best to destroy naval support for the Japanese to reduce the effectiveness of the enemy ground troops.

On August 13, 1592, the Korean fleet sailing from^[각주:101] the Miruk Island at Dangpo received local intelligence^[각주:102] that a large Japanese fleet was nearby. The following morning, the Korean fleet spotted the Japanese fleet of 82 vessels anchored^[각주:103] in the straits of Gyeonnaeryang. Because of the narrowness^[각주:104] of the strait and the hazard^[각주:105] posed by^[각주:106] the underwater^[각주:107] rocks, Admiral Yi sent six ships to lure out^[각주:108] 63 Japanese vessels into the wider sea, and the Japanese fleet followed. There the Japanese fleet was surrounded by the Korean fleet in a semicircular^[각주:109] formation called "crane wing" by Admiral Yi. With at least three turtle ships (two of which were newly completed) spearheading^[각주:110] the clash^[각주:111] against the Japanese fleet, the Korean vessels fired volleys of^[각주:112] cannonballs into the Japanese formation. Then the Korean ships engaged in a free-for-all^[각주:113] battle with the damaged Japanese ships. 

The battle ended in a Korean victory, with Japanese losses of 59 ships - 47 destroyed and 12 captured in the Battle of Hansan Island. Several Korean prisoners of war were rescued by the Korean soldiers throughout the fight. Admiral Wakisaka escaped due to the speed of his flagship^[각주:114]. When the news of the defeat at the Battle of Hansando reached Toyotomi Hideyoshi, he ordered that the Japanese invasion forces cease^[각주:115] all naval operations.

On August 16, 1592, Yi Sun-sin led their fleet to the harbor of Angolpo where 42 Japanese vessels were docked^[각주:116].

Fourth campaign

In September 1592, Yi left his base at Hansan Island and attacked the Japanese in Busan harbor. Yi withdrew^[각주:117] his forces from Busan harbor after the battle due to the absence of a landing force.

Aftermath^[각주:118] of four campaigns of 1592

Yi was victorious in every single operation (at least 15 battles) of the four campaigns of 1592. His campaigns resulted in hundreds of sunken ^[각주:119]Japanese warships, transports^[각주:120], supply ships^[각주:121]and thousands of Japanese naval casualties^[각주:122].

In 1593, Admiral Yi was appointed to command the combined navies of the three southern provinces with the title Naval Commander of the Three Provinces which gave him command over the Right and Left Navies of Jeolla province, the Right and Left Navies of Gyeongsang province, and the Navy of Chungcheong province.

Turtle Ships

One of Yi's greatest accomplishments was resurrecting and improving the turtle ship. With his creative mind and the support of his subordinates, Yi was able to devise^[각주:123] the geobukseon, or Turtle Ship. Contrary to^[각주:124] popular belief, the turtle ship was not actually invented by Admiral Yi: rather, he improved upon an older design that had been suggested during the reign of King Taejong.

The turtle ships designed by Yi held eleven cannons on each side of the ship, with two each at the stern^[각주:125] and the bow^[각주:126]. The ship's figurehead^[각주:127] was in the shape of a dragon. The figurehead itself held up to^[각주:128] four cannons, and emitted^[각주:129] a smokescreen^[각주:130] that, in combination with^[각주:131] its fierce^[각주:132] appearance, was meant to be used as psychological warfare^[각주:133]. The sides of the turtle ship were dotted with^[각주:134] smaller holes from which arrows, guns, and mortars^[각주:135] could be fired. The roof was covered with planks^[각주:136] and spikes. The purpose of the spikes was to prevent the ship from being boarded by the enemy^[각주:137]. The larger Japanese ships' sides were higher than the turtle ships' and thus, the spikes prevented boarders from jumping down^[각주:138] onto the roof without risking impalement^[각주:139]. There were two masts that held two large sails. The turtle ship was also steered^[각주:140] and powered by twenty oars^[각주:141], each of which were pulled by two men during fair conditions and five in foul seas or combat.

There is an ongoing debate as to^[각주:142] whether the turtle had two decks or three; historians^[각주:143] still have no definitive^[각주:144] answer. Whichever^[각주:145] is the case, it is clear that the turtle ship employed^[각주:146] multiple decks to separate the rowers^[각주:147] from the combat compartment^[각주:148]. This enabled the turtle ship to be very mobile^[각주:149] since wind and manpower^[각주:150] could be used simultaneously^[각주:151]. Most support the argument of two decks since that was what was drawn out in the first and second designs of the turtle ships. Some historians maintain that, since Yi was a unique individual and often pursued innovative ideas (contrary to the established wisdom of his peers^[각주:152]), it is possible that he had the turtle ship built with three decks. It is known that his flagship, a panokseon, had three decks during his campaigns, so there is support for the belief that the turtle ship had three decks.

Turtle ships are the most famous part of Admiral Yi's fleet; however, he never deployed^[각주:153] more than five in any one battle. The Joseon Dynasty used cannons as its primary^[각주:154] offensive naval weapon. Historically, they had often used guns and cannons against Japanese pirates as early as the 1390s. The Joseon navy did not implement^[각주:155] the ship-boarding strategy that the Japanese navy did, so it was imperative^[각주:156] that their warships "stand off" from^[각주:157] Japanese vessels. Admiral Yi made it a strategic priority^[각주:158] to avoid hand-to-hand combat, in which the Japanese navy specialized^[각주:159]. The turtle ship was developed to support his tactic against Japanese fleets.

Turtle ships were first used in the Battle of Sacheon (1592) and were used in nearly every battle until the devastating^[각주:160] Battle of Chilchonryang, when a Japanese double-agent^[각주:161] plot nearly succeeded, resulting in every turtle ship and all but^[각주:162] 13 panokseon being sunk. The turtle ships did not reappear^[각주:163] in battle until the Battle of Noryang.

Turtle ships were mostly used to spearhead attacks^[각주:164]. They were best used in tight areas^[각주:165] and around islands rather than the open sea.

The Japanese double-agent plot

As Yi won battle after battle, Hideyoshi and his commanders became anxious as they neared Busan. Yi constantly attacked and delayed supply ships bringing food, weapons, and reinforcements to the Japanese. At one point^[각주:166], the entire invasion was halted^[각주:167] just before attacking Pyongyang when supplies and troops failed to reach the First and Second Divisions. 

Hideyoshi soon adjusted^[각주:168]. At Busan, the Japanese warships were reinforced and some cannons added to larger ships. The fleet clustered^[각주:169] beneath the harbor's defenses of heavy shore-mounted cannons that were acquired from^[각주:170] the armory^[각주:171]. But, above all, the Japanese knew that, for a successful invasion of Joseon, Yi had to be eliminated. Not a single Japanese ship would be safe for as long as he was commanding the sea. 

Taking advantage of the many internal court rivalries of the Joseon Dynasty, the Japanese devised a plan. A Japanese double agent named Yoshira was sent to the Joseon general Kim Gyeong-seo (1564-1624), and convinced the general that he would spy on^[각주:172] the Japanese. Yoshira played this role until Kim began believing anything he would say.

One day, he told General Kim Gyeong-seo that the Japanese general Kato Kiyomasa would be coming on a certain date with a great fleet for another attack on the south shores and insisted that Admiral Yi be sent to lay an ambush^[각주:173]. General Kim agreed and sent the message to Field Marshal Gwon Yul (1537-1599), Commander-in-Chief of the Joseon military, who, in turn^[각주:174], sent the message to King Seonjo. King Seonjo, who was desperate for victories to loosen the Japanese grip on^[각주:175] his kingdom, gave permission for the attack. When General Kim gave Admiral Yi his orders, the admiral refused to carry them out, for he knew that the location given by the spy was studded with^[각주:176] sunken rocks and was thus extremely dangerous. Admiral Yi also refused because he did not trust the words of spies.

When General Kim informed the king of Admiral Yi's refusal^[각주:177], the admiral's enemies at court quickly insisted on his replacement^[각주:178] by General Won Gyun, former commander of the Gyeongsang Province Western Fleet & Commander of the Jeolla Province Ground Forces. They advised that Admiral Yi be arrested.

As a result, in 1597, Yi was relieved of^[각주:179] command, placed under arrest, and taken to Seoul in chains^[각주:180] to be imprisoned and tortured. Yi was tortured almost to the point of death^[각주:181] by using simple torture tactics such as whipping, flogging^[각주:182], burning, the cudgel^[각주:183], or even the classic technique of leg breaking torture. King Seonjo wanted to have Yi killed, but the admiral's supporters at court, chiefly^[각주:184] the minister Jeong Tak (1526-1605), convinced the king to spare him due to his past service record^[각주:185]. The prime minister, Yu Seong-ryong, who was Yi's childhood friend and his main supporter, remained silent during this deadly^[각주:186] hour. Spared^[각주:187] the death penalty^[각주:188], Admiral Yi was again demoted to^[각주:189] the rank of a common infantry^[각주:190] soldier under General Gwon Yul. This penalty was worse than death for Joseon generals at that time, since they lived by^[각주:191] honor. However, Yi responded to officers treated him with respect, since they knew that the admiral did nothing wrong. Yi would stay under General Gwon Yul's command for a short while^[각주:192] until Won Gyun's death at the Battle of Chilchonryang, which would lead to his reinstatement^[각주:193]. 

Joseon defeat at Chilchonryang and reinstatement of Admiral Yi

With Yi stripped of^[각주:194] influence and negotiations breaking down in 1596, Hideyoshi again ordered an attack on^[각주:195] Joseon. The second Japanese invasion landed in^[각주:196] the first month of 1597 with a force of 140,000 men transported on^[각주:197] 1000 ships. In response^[각주:198], Ming China sent thousands of reinforcements to aid^[각주:199] Joseon. With the help of the Ming, the Joseon army was able to halt^[각주:200] the Japanese offensive and push it back during the winter of 1597, before the Japanese were able to reach the Joseon capitol of Hanseong.

On the high seas, Yi's successor Won Gyun failed to respond to reports from his scouts^[각주:201] and allowed the Japanese to land critical reinforcements at Sosang Harbor for their land offensive unopposed^[각주:202]. Without adequate^[각주:203] reconnaissance^[각주:204] or planning, Won Gyun decided to attack with the entire naval force of Joseon at his disposal^[각주:205]; a fleet consisting of 150 warships operated by 30,000 men that had been carefully assembled^[각주:206] and trained by Joseon fleet in the Battle of Chilchonryang on August 28, 1597. Ignorant of^[각주:207] the strength and dispositions of^[각주:208] the enemy, Won was stunned to^[각주:209] find a Japanese fleet of 500 to 1000 ships which immediately closed for melee^[각주:210] combat, denying the Joseon ships the advantages of superior seamanship^[각주:211] and cannon fire^[각주:212]. The exhausted Joseon sailors were reduced to^[각주:213] fighting boarding actions while heavily outnumbered^[각주:214] and slaughtered^[각주:215] en masse^[각주:216]. 

The Joseon fleet was decimated with^[각주:217] only 13 warships surviving under Admiral Bae Seol, who fled before battle was fully engaged to save the warships under his command. After the destruction of the Joseon fleet, Won Gyun and Yi Eok-gi, another Joseon commander, fled to an island with a band of^[각주:218] survivors but were killed by waiting Japanese soldiers from the nearby fort^[각주:219]. The Battle of Chilchonryang was the only naval victory for the Japanese during the war against Joseon. When King Seonjo and the royal court learned of the catastrophic^[각주:220] defeat, they hurriedly^[각주:221] pardoned^[각주:222] and reinstated^[각주:223] Admiral Yi as commander of the greatly reduced^[각주:224] Joseon fleet.

Battle of Myeongnyang 

Admiral Yi located^[각주:225] the 13 warships and rallied^[각주:226] the 200 surviving sailors. Together with his flagship, Admiral Yi's entire fleet totaled^[각주:227] 13 ships, none of which were turtle ships. In the belief that the Joseon fleet would never be restorable^[각주:228], King Seonjo, sent an edict to^[각주:229] Admiral Yi to abandon the warships and take his men to join the ground forces under General Gwon Yul. Admiral Yi responded with^[각주:230] a letter written "... your servant still doth^[각주:231] have twelve warships under his command and he is still alive, that the enemy shall never be safe in the West Sea (the Yellow Sea being the closest body of water to Hanseong)."

Emboldened^[각주:232] after their victory at Chilchonryang, Japanese admirals Kurushima Michifusa, Todo Takatora, Kato Yoshiaki, and Wakisaka Yasuharu sailed out of Busan Harbor with a fleet of over 300 ships, confident in being able to defeat Admiral Yi. Elimination of the Joseon fleet would mean unrestricted^[각주:233] movement of supplies and reinforcements from Japan for the offensive drive on^[각주:234]land towards Hanseong and beyond.

After careful study of potential battlefields, In October 1597 Admiral Yi lured the Japanese fleet into the Myeongnyang Strait, by sending a fast warship near the Japanese naval base and luring the Japanese fleet out of anchorage^[각주:235]. The Japanese assumed that this was a Joseon scouting ship and that pursuing it would lead to the location of Admiral Yi, giving them an opportunity to destroy the courageous^[각주:236] admiral and the remnants of^[각주:237] the Joseon fleet. What they did not know was that they were being lured into a masterfully^[각주:238] devised^[각주:239] trap.

There were several reasons why Admiral Yi decided on this location for battle. Myeongnyang Strait had currents^[각주:240] so powerful that ships could only enter safely one by one^[각주:241], of which the Japanese were unaware. The deep shadows of the surrounding hillsides^[각주:242] provided the Joseon ships with concealment^[각주:243]. The strait was sufficiently^[각주:244] narrow that steel defensive chains could be laid across^[각주:245] its entire width, which Admiral Yi could use to restrict^[각주:246] the Japanese fleet's movements. And given the narrow confines^[각주:247] of the strait, it would prove impossible for the Japanese to flank^[각주:248] or envelop^[각주:249] the numerically inferior^[각주:250] Joseon fleet. On that particular day there was also a heavy mist^[각주:251], dramatically reducing visibility^[각주:252] in favor of^[각주:253] the Joseon fleet. Therefore, despite being vastly outnumbered^[각주:254], Admiral Yi used terrain^[각주:255] advantage to neutralize^[각주:256] the Japanese navy's staggering^[각주:257] numerical advantage. 

The Japanese fleet of approximately^[각주:258] 333 ships (133 warships, at least 200 logistical^[각주:259] support ships) entered Myeongnyang Strait in groups^[각주:260]. The unpredictable current immediately wreaked havoc on^[각주:261] the Japanese; many of their ships collided with^[각주:262] each other or sank outright^[각주:263] while sailing through^[각주:264] this strait. And the Japanese ships that made it through were met by 13 Joseon warships obscured by^[각주:265] the shadows of the surrounding hills, ready with archer^[각주:266] and cannon fire. The steel chains were tightened to^[각주:267] restrict movement of the Japanese ships, and the Japanese found themselves^[각주:268] unable to fight effectively against the superior Joseon archers and cannoneers^[각주:269]. Admiral Yi was astonishingly^[각주:270] able to rout^[각주:271] a force that outnumbered him more than 25 to 1 in ships alone. About 31 of the 333 Japanese ships that entered the Myeongnyang Strait were destroyed or damaged. Joseon losses on the other hand were around ten casualties and no ships lost. Kurushima Michifusa was killed on his flagship by Joseon archers; his body in its ornate^[각주:272] armor was fished out of^[각주:273] the water, his severed^[각주:274] head was put on display to greatly demoralize^[각주:275] the Japanese fleet.

Admiral Yi's miraculous victory at the Battle of Myeongyang turned the tide of the entire war against^[각주:276] the Japanese; their ground forces on the verge of^[각주:277] invading Hanseong were cut off from steady flow of^[각주:278] supplies and reinforcements, and forced to pull back. Today, the battle is celebrated in Korea as one of Admiral Yi's greatest victories. No other engagement involving such an outnumbered fleet has resulted in such a disproportionate^[각주:279] victory, making it one of the greatest achievements in naval warfare. 

The final battle and Admiral Yi's death

On December 15, 1598, a huge Japanese fleet under the command of Shimazu Yoshihiro, was amassed in^[각주:280] Sachon Bay, on the east and of Noryang Strait. Shimazu's goal was to break the allied forces' blockade^[각주:281] on Konishi Yukinaga, join the two fleets, and sail home to Japan. Admiral Yi, meanwhile, knew exactly where Shimazu was, after receiving reports from scouts and local fishermen^[각주:282]. 

At the time, the Joseon fleet consisted of 82 panokseon and three turtle ships, with 8,000 soldiers under Admiral Yi. The Ming fleet consisted of six large war junks^[각주:283], 57 lighter war galleys and two panokseon given to Chen Lin by Admiral Yi, with 5,000 Ming soldiers of the Guangong squadron^[각주:284] and and 2,600 Ming marines who fought aboard Joseon ships.

The battle began at two o'clock in the early morning of December 16, 1596. Like Admiral Yi's previous battles, the Japanese were unable to respond effectively to the Korean's tactics. The tightness of Noryang Strait hindered^[각주:285] lateral movement^[각주:286], and Yi's maneuvers^[각주:287] prevented the Japanese fleet from boarding^[각주:288] their enemies' vessels, their primary naval tactic.

As the Japanese retreated, Admiral Yi ordered a vigorous^[각주:289] pursuit^[각주:290]. During this time, a stray arquebus^[각주:291] bullet^[각주:292] from an enemy ship struck Admiral Yi, near his left armpit^[각주:293]. Sensing that the wound was fatal^[각주:294], and fearing a repeat of the Battle of Chilchonryang, the admiral uttered^[각주:295], "The war is at its height^[각주:296] -- wear my armor and beat my war drums. Do not announce^[각주:297] my death." He died moments later^[각주:298].

Only two people witnessed his death: Yi Hoe, Yi's eldest son, and Yi Wan, his nephew. Admiral Yi's son and nephew struggled to regain their composure^[각주:299] and carried the admiral's body into his cabin before others could notice. For the remainder of the battle, Yi Wan wore his uncle's armor and continued to beat the war drum to encourage the pursuit.

During the battle, Chen Lin found himself in trouble many times and Yi's flagship rowed to^[각주:300] his rescue. When Chen Lin called for Admiral Yi to thank him for coming to his aid^[각주:301], he was met by Yi Wan, who announced that his uncle was dead. It is said that Chen himself was so shocked that he fell to the ground three times, beating his chest and crying. News of Admiral Yi's death spread quickly throughout the allied^[각주:302] fleet and both Joseon and Ming sailors and fighting men wailed in grief^[각주:303].

Admiral Yi's body brought back to his hometown in Asan to be buried next to his father, Yi Jeong (in accordance to^[각주:304] Korean tradition). Shrines, both official and unofficial, were constructed in his honor all throughout the land.

Reactions by Joseon government 

Admiral Yi repeatedly defeated the Japanese invasion force in battle, while preserving the lives of his soldiers^[각주:305] and respecting their families. Yi was supported by the people of Joseon not only for his victories, but his kindness and gratitude^[각주:306] towards those affected by the hardships of war^[각주:307]. They had great faith in Admiral Yi and he was regarded as more than just an admiral.

By contrast, King Seonjo accomplished nothing. The Joseon Dynasty's king had failed to defend the kingdom and his cowardly^[각주:308] flight to Uiju left his reputation in ruins. The Joseon government was plagued by^[각주:309] factionalism^[각주:310] driven by jealousy; the ministers despised^[각주:311] the successful and virtuous^[각주:312] admiral, and manipulated King Seonjo to view Admiral Yi as a potential traitor^[각주:313]. It is plausible^[각주:314] to believe that King Seonjo to have him arrested and tortured. Defended by his loyal friend, Prime Minister Yu Seong-ryong, Admiral Yi was spared execution twice. The conspiracies^[각주:315] worked against Admiral Yi from gaining the men, materiel, and operational freedom^[각주:316] to decisively^[각주:317] destroy the Japanese invasion force.

It should also be noted that^[각주:318] according to a recent Choson libo article, historians have discovered written government records of the Joseon government's reaction to Admiral Yi's death. The records show that King Seonjo expressed a "blank expression^[각주:319]", offering no signs of sadness or shock. Nearly all awards to Admiral Yi and his deeds^[각주:320] were awarded posthumously^[각주:321]. 

1. well-respected ; [형용사] 존경을 받는, 높이 평가되는 [본문으로]
2. exemplary ; [형용사] 모범적인 [본문으로]
3. conduct on and off ; 안밖에서 행해지다 [본문으로]
4. place ; 3. ATTITUDE | [타동사][VN] ~ sth (on sth/doing sth) (중요성・가치 등을) 두다 [본문으로]
5. on par ; 같은, 동등한 [본문으로]
6. arguably ; [부사] (충분한 근거를 갖고) 주장하건대, 거의 틀림없이(흔히 비교급이나 최상급 형용사 앞에 나옴) [본문으로]
7. undefeated ; [형용사] 특히 스포츠에서 진 적이 없는, 무패의 [본문으로]
8. seemingly ; [부사] 외견상으로, 겉보기에는 [본문으로]
9. insurmountable ; [형용사] (격식) 곤경・문제 등이 대처[극복]할 수 없는 [본문으로]
10. odds ; [pl.], (참고: stacked) 1. 보통 the odds (어떤 일이 있을) 공산[가능성] [본문으로]
11. outnumber ; [동사] …보다 수가 더 많다, 수적으로 우세하다 [본문으로]
12. a last stand ; 최후의 저항. [본문으로]
13. impair ; [타동사][VN] (격식) 손상[악화]시키다 [본문으로]
14. prior to ; ([전치사적으로]) …에 앞서, 먼저 [본문으로]
15. on / to the verge of ; 막 …하려는[…하기 직전의] [본문으로]
16. expel ; 2. (어느 국가로부터) 쫓아내다[추방하다] [본문으로]
17. mortally ; (문예체) [부사] 치명적으로, 죽을 정도로 [본문으로]
18. at its height ; …의 절정에서, 절정기에; 한창 …중에 [본문으로]
19. announce ; 1. ~ (sth) (to sb) 발표하다, 알리다 [본문으로]
20. royal court ; 궁중 [본문으로]
21. bestow ; [타동사][VN] ~ sth (on/upon sb) (격식) (특히 존경의 뜻으로) 수여[부여]하다 [본문으로]
22. posthumous title ; 사후(死後)의 위계(位階). [본문으로]
23. duke ; 공작, ~공 [본문으로]
24. enrollment ; [UC] 1. 등록, 기재; 입학, 입대 [본문으로]
25. order of merit ; [the ~] [영] 메리트 훈위[훈장]; [o- of m-] 공로 훈장 [본문으로]
26. reign ; [명사] (왕의) 통치 기간, 치세 [본문으로]
27. venerate ; [타동사][VN] ~ sb/sth (as sth) (격식) 공경[숭배]하다 [본문으로]
28. numerous ; [형용사] (격식) 많은 [본문으로]
29. forward base ; 전진 기지 [본문으로]
30. headquarters ; [U+sing./pl. v., C] (pl. head・quar・ters) (약어:HQ) 본사[본부] (직원들) [본문으로]
31. command ; 2. IN ARMY | (군대에서) 지휘하다 [본문으로]
32. in succession ; 잇달아, 계속하여 [본문으로]
33. string of ; 일련의[연이은] [본문으로]
34. wary of ; …을 조심하는. [본문으로]
35. overwhelm ; 2. 제압하다 [본문으로]
36. numerical superiority ; 숫적인 우세. [본문으로]
37. granary ; [명사] pl. -ies 곡물 저장고, 곡창 [본문으로]
38. resurrect ; [vn] 1. (사상・관례 등을) 부활시키다 [본문으로]
39. sea tide ; 해류 [본문으로]
40. morale ; [명사] 사기, 의욕 ;; US [mə|rӕl] UK [mə|rɑ:l] [본문으로]
41. continuous ; [형용사] 계속되는, 지속적인 [본문으로]
42. countless ; [형용사] (주로 명사 앞에 씀) 무수한, 셀 수 없이 많은 ;; 참고 uncountable [본문으로]
43. demonstrate loyalty ; 충성심을 보이다. [본문으로]
44. endangered ; [형용사] 위험[위기]에 처한; <동식물이> 멸종될 위기에 이른 [본문으로]
45. immensely ; [부사] 엄청나게, 대단히 [본문으로]
46. intelligence report ; (군사) 정보보고(情報報告)(서) [본문으로]
47. structurally ; [부사] 구조상, 구조적으로 [본문으로]
48. hull ; [명사] (배의) 선체 [본문으로]
49. ship-mounted ; 배 탑재 [본문으로]
50. inferior to ; …보다 열등한. [본문으로]
51. neglect ; 2. [타동사][VN] 도외시하다, 등한하다 [본문으로]
52. see to it (that) ; 반드시 …하도록 (조처)하다 make certain (that) [본문으로]
53. as such ; 보통 말하는[엄밀한 의미의] 그런 [본문으로]
54. at one's disposal ; [부사] …의 마음대로 이용[사용]할 수 있게. ;; 동의어 available for one's use. [본문으로]
55. strategist ; [명사] 전략가 [본문으로]
56. board ; 1. GET ON PLANE/SHIP, etc. | 승선[승차/탑승]하다 [본문으로]
57. engage in combat ; 전투를 시작하다. [본문으로]
58. hand-to-hand combat ; 백병전 [본문으로]
59. negate ; [vn], (격식) 1. 무효화하다, 효력이 없게 만들다 [본문으로]
60. naval engagement ; 해전 [본문으로]
61. prove ; 2. BE | (…임이) 드러나다[판명되다] [본문으로]
62. victorious ; [형용사] ~ (in sth) 승리한, 승리를 거둔; 승리로 끝나는 [본문으로]
63. logistical support ; (군사) 군수지원(軍需支援) [본문으로]
64. retreat ; 1. FROM DANGER/DEFEAT | [자동사][V] 후퇴[철수/퇴각]하다 [본문으로]
65. invasion force ; 침략군 [본문으로]
66. port city ; [명사] (지리학) 항만 도시(港灣都市) [본문으로]
67. resistance ; 2. [U , sing.] ~ (to sb/sth) (공격에 대한) 저항[항거] [본문으로]
68. inefficiency ; [명사] 비능률, 무능, 무효력 [본문으로]
69. naval warfare ; 해전. [본문으로]
70. subordinate ; 부하, 하급자 [본문으로]
71. set sail ; 출항하다, 출범하다 [본문으로]
72. augmented ; 증가된; [음악] 증음된 [본문으로]
73. flotilla ; [명사] 소함대 [본문으로]
74. circumnavigate ; [타동사][VN] (격식) (세계) 일주를 하다 [본문으로]
75. bound for ; [형용사] ~행의. [본문으로]
76. scouting ship / vessel ; [명사] (조선공학) 정찰함(偵察艦) [본문으로]
77. detect ; [타동사][VN] (특히 알아내기 쉽지 않은 것을) 발견하다[알아내다/감지하다] [본문으로]
78. busy oneself with / about ; …로 바삐 움직이다[종사하다], ...에 분주하다. [본문으로]
79. plunder ; [동사] (특히 전시에 어떤 장소를) 약탈[강탈]하다 ;; 참고 pillage [본문으로]
80. flee ; [동사] (수동태로는 안 씀) fled , fled / fled / ~ (from) sb/sth | ~ (to…/into…) 달아나다, 도망하다 ;; 참고 fly v. ( 12 ) [본문으로]
81. encircle ; [타동사][VN] (격식) (둥글게) 둘러싸다[두르다] [본문으로]
82. artillery bombardment ; 포격 [본문으로]
83. the intelligence ; 정보부, 첩보 [본문으로]
84. in the same manner ; 마찬가지로 [본문으로]
85. intelligence report ; (군사) 정보보고(情報報告)(서) [본문으로]
86. leave behind ; …을 놓아 둔 채 잊고 오다, 뒤에 남기다 [본문으로]
87. make up ; ~을 이루다[형성하다] [본문으로]
88. in favor of ; …에 찬성[지지]하여 [본문으로]
89. feign ; [동사] (격식) (감정・질병 등을) 가장하다[…인 척하다] [본문으로]
90. withdrawal ; 1. [U , C] 철회, 취소, 철수, 회수 [본문으로]
91. counter ; 2. [타동사][VN] (무엇의 악영향에) 대응하다 [본문으로]
92. in response to ; …에 응하여[답하여] [본문으로]
93. recall ; 3. [타동사][VN] 소환(召還)하다, 돌아오도록 명령하다, 다시 불러들이다 [본문으로]
94. land-based ; [형용사] (주로 명사 앞에 씀) 지상의; 육지에 사는 [본문으로]
95. arrive in ; …에 도착하다 [본문으로]
96. assemble ; 1. 모이다, 모으다, 집합시키다 [본문으로]
97. squadron ; [명사] 비행 중대; 소함대 [본문으로]
98. launch an attack ; 공격을 개시하다 [본문으로]
99. carry out / execute an operation ; 작전을 수행하다 [본문으로]
100. 1. MOVE FORWARD | [자동사][V] ~ (on/towards sb/sth) (공격하거나 위협하기 위해) 다가가다, 진격하다 ;; 참고 retreat [본문으로]
101. sail from ; …에서 출항하다 [본문으로]
102. local intelligence ; 지역정보기관 [본문으로]
103. anchor ; 1. 닻을 내리다, 정박하다 [본문으로]
104. narrowness ; [명사] [U] 협소(함), 좁음; 옹졸, 편협 [본문으로]
105. hazard ; [명사] ~ (to sb/sth) | ~ (of sth/of doing sth) 위험 (요소) [본문으로]
106. pose ; 2. <요구 등을> 주장하다; <문제를> 제출하다; <위험성을> 내포하다, 지니다 [본문으로]
107. underwater ; [형용사] (명사 앞에만 씀) 물속의, 수중의 [본문으로]
108. lure out ; 유인해 내다 [본문으로]
109. semicircular ; [형용사] 반원(형)의 [본문으로]
110. spearhead ; [타동사][VN] 선봉에 서다, 진두지휘하다 [본문으로]
111. clash ; 1. FIGHT | ~ (with sb) | ~ (between A and B) (두 집단 간의 짧은 물리적) 충돌 [본문으로]
112. volley ; 2. (총알・돌멩이 등의) 일제 사격[집중 투하] [본문으로]
113. free-for-all ; 2. 난투극 [본문으로]
114. flagship ; 1. (해군 함대의) 기함 [본문으로]
115. cease ; [동사] (격식) 중단되다, 그치다; 중단시키다 ;; 참고 cessation wonder n. [본문으로]
116. dock ; 1. (배를) 부두에 대다 [본문으로]
117. withdraw ; 1. ~ (sb/sth) (from sth) (뒤로) 물러나다, 철수하다; 빼내다, 철수시키다 [본문으로]
118. aftermath ; [주로 단수로] (전쟁・사고 등의) 여파[후유증] [본문으로]
119. sunken ; [형용사] (명사 앞에만 씀) 침몰한, 물속에 가라앉은 [본문으로]
120. transport ; 4. [C] 수송[운송] 수단, 수송선 [본문으로]
121. supply ship ; [명사] (조선공학) 보급선(補給船) [본문으로]
122. casualties ; 사상자 [본문으로]
123. devise ; [동사] 창안[고안]하다 ;; US·UK [dɪ|vaɪz] [본문으로]
124. contrary to ; ~에 반해 서 [본문으로]
125. stern ; (배의) 고물, 선미 ;; 참고 bow 1 n., poop stem n. [본문으로]
126. bow ; 2. (bows [pl.]) 뱃머리, 이물 ;; 참고 stern n. [본문으로]
127. figurehead ; 2. 선수상(船首像: 배의 앞부분 끝에 나무로 만들어 붙이는, 보통 여자 모습의 상) [본문으로]
128. hold up to ; 수용하다, 담다, 지탱하다, …으로 내세우다, [본문으로]
129. emit ; [타동사][VN] (-tt-) (격식) (빛・열・가스・소리 등을) 내다[내뿜다] [본문으로]
130. smokescreen ; 2. (전투 중에 피우는) 연막 [본문으로]
131. in combination with ; …와 결합[합동]하여, 짝지어 [본문으로]
132. fierce ; 1. (특히 사람이나 동물이) 사나운, 험악한 [본문으로]
133. psychological warfare ; [명사] 심리전, 신경전 [본문으로]
134. be dotted with ; 산재해 있다, 흩어져있다, 여기저기에 있다 ; if an area is dotted with things or people, they are spread around in several places [본문으로]
135. mortar ; 2. [C] 박격포 ;; US [|mɔ:rtə(r)] UK [|mɔ:tə(r)] [본문으로]
136. plank ; 1. (한 장의) 널빤지[(나무)판자] [본문으로]
137. be boarded by the enemy ; [배가] 적의 침입을 받다. [본문으로]
138. jump down ; 뛰어내리다 [본문으로]
139. impalement ; [명사] 꿰뚫음; 무력하게 함; 합문(合紋). [본문으로]
140. steer ; 1. (보트・자동차 등을) 조종하다[몰다] [본문으로]
141. oar ; 노 ;; 참고 paddle [본문으로]
142. as to ; ~에 관해, ~에 관해서는[~은] ;; 동의어 as regards something [본문으로]
143. historian ; [명사] 사학자 [본문으로]
144. definitive ; 1. 최종적인, 확정적인 [본문으로]
145. whichever ; 2. 어느 …이든; 어느 쪽[것]을 …하든 [본문으로]
146. employ ; 2. [타동사][VN] (격식) (기술・방법 등을) 쓰다[이용하다] [본문으로]
147. rower ; [명사] 노 젓는 사람, 뱃사공 [본문으로]
148. compartment ; 2. (가구 등의 물건 보관용) 칸 ;; 참고 glove compartment [본문으로]
149. mobile ; 2. [대개 명사 앞에는 안 씀] (사람이) 움직임이 자유로운, 기동성 있는 [본문으로]
150. manpower ; [U] 인력 [본문으로]
151. simultaneously ; [부사] 동시에 ((with)); 일제히 [본문으로]
152. peer ; 1. [주로 복수로] (나이・신분이 같거나 비슷한) 또래[동배] [본문으로]
153. deploy ; [vn] 1. (전문 용어) (군대・무기를) 배치하다 [본문으로]
154. primary ; 1. [주로 명사 앞에 씀] 주된, 주요한; 기본적인 [본문으로]
155. implement ; [타동사][VN] 시행하다 [본문으로]
156. imperative ; 1. [대개 명사 앞에는 안 씀] ~ (that…) | ~ (to do sth) (격식) 반드시 해야 하는, 긴요한 [본문으로]
157. stand off ; 멀리 떨어져 있다; …을 멀리하다 [본문으로]
158. strategic priority ; 전략적 우선순위 [본문으로]
159. specialize ; [자동사][V] ~ (in sth) (~을) 전공하다[전문적으로 다루다] [본문으로]
160. devastating ; 1. 대단히 파괴적인, 엄청난 손상을 가하는 [본문으로]
161. double agent ; [명사] 이중간첩 [본문으로]
162. all but ; 거의 [본문으로]
163. reappear ; [동사] 다시 나타나다 [본문으로]
164. spearhead an attack ; 공격의 선두에 서다[선봉을 맡다] [본문으로]
165. tight area ; 좁은 지역 [본문으로]
166. at one point ; (~중) 한때 [본문으로]
167. halt ; 멈추다, 서다; 세우다, 중단시키다 ;; 참고 track n. [본문으로]
168. adjust ; 2. ~ (to sth/to doing sth) | ~ (yourself to sth) 적응하다 [본문으로]
169. cluster ; [자동사][V + adv. / prep.] ~ (together) 무리를 이루다, (소규모로) 모이다 [본문으로]
170. be acquired from ; 획득되다, 비롯되다 [본문으로]
171. armory ; (pl. -mor·ies) 1. 무기고; 병기 공장, 조병창 [본문으로]
172. spy on ; ~을 염탐하다[몰래 감시하다] [본문으로]
173. lay an ambush ; 복병을 두다, 매복시키다 [본문으로]
174. in turn ; 차례차례 [본문으로]
175. loosen one's grip / hold (on) ; 고삐를 늦추다 [본문으로]
176. be studded with ; …이 점점이 박혀 있다; …이 산재(散在)하다 [본문으로]
177. refusal ; [U , C] ~ (of sth) | ~ (to do sth) 거절, 거부 ;; 참고 first refusal [본문으로]
178. replacement ; 3. [C] ~ (for sb) (다른 사람이 하던 일을) 대신할 사람, 후임자 [본문으로]
179. be relieved of ; ~로 부터 풀려나다, 해임되다, 안도하다, 해방되다 [본문으로]
180. in chains ; 사슬에 묶여, 족쇄를 차고. [본문으로]
181. to the point of (sth) ; ~라고 할 (수 있을)정도로 [본문으로]
182. flogging ; [명사] 태형, 장형 [본문으로]
183. cudgel ; [명사] (무기로 쓰는) 곤봉 ;; [타동사][VN] (-ll- , 美 또한 -l-) (英) 곤봉으로 때리다 [본문으로]
184. chiefly ; [부사] 주로 [본문으로]
185. service record ; (군사) 복무기록(服務記錄) [본문으로]
186. deadly ; [형용사] 생명을 앗아가는[앗아갈], 치명적인 [본문으로]
187. spare ; 3. NOT HARM/DAMAGE | [주로 수동태로] ~ sb/sth (from sth) (격식) (특히 남들은 피할 수 없었던 상해・죽음 등을) 피하게[면하게] 해 주다 [본문으로]
188. death penalty ; [명사] 사형 [본문으로]
189. demote ; [타동사][VN] [흔히 수동태로] ~ sb (from sth) (to sth) (흔히 처벌로) 강등[좌천]시키다 [본문으로]
190. infantry ; [C+sing./pl. v.] 보병들, 보병대 [본문으로]
191. live by ; (신조·원칙)에 따라 살다 [본문으로]
192. for a short while ; 잠깐, 잠시 동안 《for는 종종 생략됨》 [본문으로]
193. reinstatement ; [명사] 복위, 복권, 복직, 회복, 수복 [본문으로]
194. strip ; 6. PUNISHMENT | [타동사][VN] ~ sb of sth (처벌로서 재산・명예를) 박탈하다 [본문으로]
195. order attack ; 공격 개시 명령을 내리다 [본문으로]
196. land in ; 상륙하다 [본문으로]
197. transport ; [vn , + adv. / prep.] 1. 수송하다 [본문으로]
198. in response ; 이에 대응하여 [본문으로]
199. aid ; ~ (sb/sth) (in sth/in doing sth) | ~ sb (with sth) (격식) (특히 일이 수월해지도록) 돕다 [본문으로]
200. halt ; 멈추다, 서다; 세우다, 중단시키다 ;; 참고 track n. [본문으로]
201. scout ; 3. 정찰[척후]병[대] [본문으로]
202. unopposed ; [형용사] (대개 명사 앞에는 안 씀) 누구의 반대[저지]도 받지 않고 [본문으로]
203. adequate ; [형용사] ~ (for sth) | ~ (to do sth) (특정한 목적이나 필요에) 충분한[적절한] [본문으로]
204. reconnaissance ; [C , U] (또한 英 비격식 recce , 또한 美 비격식 recon) (군사적인 목적의) 정찰 ;; US [rɪ|kɑ:nɪsns] UK [rɪ|kɒnɪsns] [본문으로]
205. at one's disposal ; ~가 원하는 대로 쓸 수 있는 [본문으로]
206. assemble ; 1. 모이다, 모으다, 집합시키다 [본문으로]
207. ignorant of ; …을 모르는. [본문으로]
208. disposition ; 2. [C] ~ to/towards sth | ~ to do sth (주로 단수로 격식) 성향 [본문으로]
209. be stunned to ; ~해서 아주 놀라다 [본문으로]
210. melee ; [명사] (불어에서) 아수라장 (같은 곳) ;; US [|meɪleɪ] UK [|meleɪ] [본문으로]
211. seamanship ; [명사] 배를 부리는 기술, 선박 조종술 [본문으로]
212. cannon fire ; fire delivered by artillery [본문으로]
213. be reduced to ~ ; ~한 상태, 처지가 되다 [본문으로]
214. outnumber ; [타동사][VN] …보다 수가 더 많다, 수적으로 우세하다 [본문으로]
215. slaughter ; 2. (대량) 학살[살육]하다 [본문으로]
216. en masse ; [부사] (불어에서) (보통 많은 수가) 집단으로[일제히] ;; US [|ɑ~:] UK [|ɒ~|mӕs] [본문으로]
217. decimate ; [vn] 1. [주로 수동태로] (특정 지역의 동식물이나 사람들을) 대량으로 죽이다 [본문으로]
218. a band of ; 한 무리의 [본문으로]
219. fort ; 2. (美) 진지(陣地) [본문으로]
220. catastrophic ; [형용사] 대변동[큰 재앙]의; 파멸의, 비극적인; 대단원의 [본문으로]
221. hurriedly ; [부사] 황급히, 다급하게, 허둥지둥 [본문으로]
222. pardon ; [진행형으로는 보통 쓰이지 않음], (참고: French n.) 1. [타동사][VN] (죄인에 대해) 사면하다 [본문으로]
223. reinstate ; [vn], [~ sb/sth (in/as sth)] 1. (직장・직책 등에로) 복귀시키다 [본문으로]
224. reduced ; 2. 영락한, 몰락한; 쇠약한 [본문으로]
225. locate ; 2. [타동사][VN] (특정 위치에) 두다[설치하다] ;; 참고 relocate [본문으로]
226. rally ; (ral・lies , rally・ing , ral・lied , ral・lied) 1. ~ (sb/sth) (around/behind/to sb/sth) (원조・지지를 위해) 결집[단결]하다[시키다] [본문으로]
227. total ; (-ll- , 美 또한 -l-) 1. [V-N] 합계[총] …이 되다 [본문으로]
228. restorable ; [형용사] 회복(복구)할 수 있는, 부활(부흥, 수복)할 수 있는, 복귀(반환)할 수 있는 [본문으로]
229. edict ; [U , C] (격식) 포고령, 칙령 ;; US.UK [|i:dɪkt] [본문으로]
230. respond with ; …으로 반응을 보이다. [본문으로]
231. doth ; [동사] (고어) DO의 제3인칭 단수 직설법 현재형(cf. DOETH) ;; US.UK [dʌ́θ,《약하게》dəθ] [본문으로]
232. embolden ; 1. [주로 수동태로] (격식) 대담하게 만들다 [본문으로]
233. unrestricted ; [형용사] 조금도 제한[구속]받지 않는 [본문으로]
234. drive ; 10. ANIMALS/ENEMY | [C] (사냥감・적을 잡기 위한) 몰이 [본문으로]
235. anchorage ; [C , U] 1. 정박지 [본문으로]
236. courageous ; [형용사] 용감한 [본문으로]
237. remnant ; 1. [주로 복수로] 남은 부분, 나머지 [본문으로]
238. masterful ; 2. 거장[장인/대가]다운 ;; 동의어 masterly [본문으로]
239. devise ; [타동사][VN] 창안[고안]하다 [본문으로]
240. current ; 1. (물・공기의) 흐름, 해류, 기류 [본문으로]
241. one by one ; 하나하나씩[차례차례] [본문으로]
242. hillside ; [명사] (작은 산・언덕의) 비탈, 산비탈 [본문으로]
243. concealment ; [U] (격식) 숨김, 은폐 [본문으로]
244. sufficiently ; [부사] 충분히, (…하기에) 충분할 만큼 ((to do)) [본문으로]
245. be laid across ; ~에 걸쳐 놓여있다. [본문으로]
246. restrict ; 2. (자유로운 움직임을) 방해하다 [본문으로]
247. confines ; [pl.] (격식) 한계, 범위 [본문으로]
248. flank ; 2. 옆[측면]에 배치되다 [본문으로]
249. envelop ; [타동사][VN] ~ sb/sth (in sth) (격식) 감싸다, 뒤덮다 ;; envelope ; [명사] 봉투 ;; 참고 pay envelope, sae, SASE [본문으로]
250. numerically inferior ; 수적으로 열세이다 [본문으로]
251. heavy mist ; 짙은 안개. [본문으로]
252. reduce visibility ; 가시거리를 줄이다, 저하시키다 [본문으로]
253. in favor of ; …에 찬성[지지]하여, 우호적으로 [본문으로]
254. be outnumbered by ; 수동태로 쓰면 주어가 열세라는 의미. [본문으로]
255. terrain ; [C , U] 지형, 지역 [본문으로]
256. neutralize ; [vn] 1. 무효화[상쇄]시키다 [본문으로]
257. staggering ; [형용사] (너무 엄청나서) 충격적인, 믿기 어려운 [본문으로]
258. approximately ; [부사] 거의 (정확하게), …가까이 [본문으로]
259. logistical ; [형용사] 병참의, 수송의 [본문으로]
260. in groups ; 떼를 지어, 삼삼오오 [본문으로]
261. wreak havoc on ; ~ 을 사정없이 파괴(황폐케) 하다 [본문으로]
262. collide with ; ~와 충돌하다 [본문으로]
263. outright ; [부사] 3. 즉석에서, 즉각 [본문으로]
264. sail through ; …을 (배로) 통과하다. ;; (시험·테스트 등을) 순조롭게 통과하다, …을 무사히 치르다, …을 쉽게 벗어나다(=cope with easily). [본문으로]
265. obscure ; [타동사][VN] 보기[듣기/이해하기] 어렵게 하다, 모호하게 하다 [본문으로]
266. archer ; [명사] 활 쏘는 사람, 궁수 [본문으로]
267. be tightened to ~ ; 단단히 조여지다 [본문으로]
268. find oneself ; 3. (깨닫고 보니) …에 있다 [본문으로]
269. cannoneer ; [명사] 포수(砲手), 포병(artilleryman) [본문으로]
270. astonishingly ; 2. 놀랄 만큼, 몹시 [본문으로]
271. rout ; [타동사][VN] 완패[궤멸]시키다 [본문으로]
272. ornate ; [형용사] (특히 아주 작거나 복잡한 디자인으로) 화려하게 장식된 ;; US [ɔ:r|neɪt] UK [ɔ:|neɪt] [본문으로]
273. fish out ; [동사] (물 속, 주머니 등에서) 찾아 내다 ;; (~에서) ~을 꺼내다[빼내다] [본문으로]
274. sever ; [vn], (격식) 1. ~ sth (from sth) (두 조각으로) 자르다[절단하다]; 잘라 내다 [본문으로]
275. demoralize ; [타동사][VN] [주로 수동태로] 사기를 꺾다, 의기소침하게 만들다 [본문으로]
276. turn the tide ; (…의) 형세를 일변시키다[of] [본문으로]
277. on the verge of ; 금방 …하려고 하여; …의 직전에 [본문으로]
278. steady flow ; 안정된 흐름. [본문으로]
279. disproportionate ; [부사] 불균형하게, 어울리지 않게. [본문으로]
280. amass ; [타동사][VN] 모으다, 축적하다 [본문으로]
281. blockade ; 2. (출입) 차단, 봉쇄 [본문으로]
282. local fishermen ; 지역 어민 [본문으로]
283. junk ; 3. [C] 정크(사각형 돛을 달고 바닥이 평평한 중국 배) [본문으로]
284. squadron ; [C+sing./pl. v.] 비행 중대; 소함대 [본문으로]
285. hinder ; [타동사][VN] ~ sb/sth (from sth/from doing sth) 저해[방해]하다, …을 못하게 하다 ;; 참고 hindrance [본문으로]
286. lateral movement ; 측면의 움직임 [본문으로]
287. maneuver ; 2. (군사) 작전 행동 [본문으로]
288. board ; 1. GET ON PLANE/SHIP, etc. | 승선[승차/탑승]하다 [본문으로]
289. vigorous ; 1. 활발한; 격렬한 [본문으로]
290. pursuit ; 2. [U] 뒤쫓음, 추적, 추격 ;; 사전과는 다르게 가산명사로 쓰인것 확인 [본문으로]
291. arquebus ; [명사] ((pl. ~·es)) 화승총(火繩銃) ;; 동의어 HARQUEBUS [본문으로]
292. stray bullet ; 유탄(流彈) [본문으로]
293. armpit ; [명사] (또한 美 비격식 pit) 겨드랑이 ;; 참고 underarm [본문으로]
294. fatal ; 1. 죽음을 초래하는, 치명적인 ;; 참고 mortal [본문으로]
295. utter ; [타동사][VN] (격식) (입으로 어떤 소리를) 내다; (말을) 하다 [본문으로]
296. at the height of ; …의 절정에, …이 한창일 때에 [본문으로]
297. announce ; 1. ~ (sth) (to sb) 발표하다, 알리다 [본문으로]
298. moments later ; 잠시 후에 [본문으로]
299. regain one's composure ; 냉정, 평정을 되찾다. [본문으로]
300. row ; [자동사] (노를 써서) 배를 젓다; <배가> 저어지다 [본문으로]
301. aid ; [U] 원조, 지원 ;; 참고 financial aid, legal aid [본문으로]
302. allied ; [형용사] (명사 앞에만 씀) 흔히 Allied 동맹한, 연합한 [본문으로]
303. wail in grief ; 슬픔에 울부짖다 [본문으로]
304. in accordance to ; ~에 의하여, 준하여, ~를 따라 [본문으로]
305. preserve ; 4. [타동사][VN] ~ sb/sth (from sth) (위험 등에서) 보호하다 [본문으로]
306. gratitude ; [U] ~ (to sb) (for sth) 고마움, 감사, 사의 [본문으로]
307. hardship ; [U , C] (돈・식품 등의 부족에서 오는) 어려움[곤란] [본문으로]
308. cowardly ; [형용사] 겁이 많은; 비겁한, 비열한(opp. brave) [본문으로]
309. plague ; [vn], [~ sb/sth (with sth)] 1. (한동안 고통・문제로) 괴롭히다 [본문으로]
310. factionalism ; [명사] [U] 파벌주의, 당파심; 파벌 싸움 [본문으로]
311. despise ; [타동사][VN] [진행형으로는 쓰이지 않음] 경멸하다 [본문으로]
312. virtuous ; 1. (격식) 도덕적인, 고결한 [본문으로]
313. traitor ; [명사] ~ (to sb/sth) 배반자, 반역자 [본문으로]
314. plausible ; 1. (변명・해명・설명이) 타당한 것 같은, 이치에 맞는, 그럴듯한 [본문으로]
315. conspiracy ; [C , U] (pl. -ies) ~ (to do sth) | ~ (against sb/sth) 음모, 모의 [본문으로]
316. operational freedom ; (군사) 작전적 자유 [본문으로]
317. decisively ; [부사] 결정적으로; 단호히 [본문으로]
318. it should be noted that ; …에 특히 주의할 것, ~를 주목해야한다, ~를 유의해야한다 [본문으로]
319. blank expression ; 무표정, 멍한 표정 [본문으로]
320. deed ; 1. (격식 문예체) (보통 아주 좋거나 아주 나쁜) 행위[행동] [본문으로]
321. posthumously ; [부사] 죽은 뒤에, 사후(死後)에; 유작으로서 [본문으로]