[Annotated] Arctic and Antarctic - Comparisons & Similarities / North Pole vs South Pole

While the polar regions have many similarities, they are also "polar opposites^[각주:1]" metaphorically^[각주:2] as well as literally^[각주:3] in many ways.

The Arctic, centered on^[각주:4] the North Pole - Sea surrounded by land

The Antarctic centered on the South Pole - Land surrounded by sea

The fundamental difference^[각주:5] is the reason for many of the other differences between the two regions.

North Pole 

Where?  At sea - 700km to nearest land

Height?  Up to 2m above sea-level^[각주:6]

21st June  Midsummer^[각주:7], 24hr. light 

21st December  Midwinter^[각주:8], 24hr. dark

Is there a "pole"?  No - it would drift off^[각주:9] in a few hours or less

Temperature  +5℃ to -43℃

South Pole 

Where?  Inland - 1,300km to nearest sea

Height?  2,835m above sea-level

21st June  Midwinter, 24hr. dark

21st December  Midsummer, 24hr. light

Is there a "pole"?  Yes, moves 10m a year

Temperature  -13.5℃ to -62℃

1. The North and South Poles

The North Pole is a point in the Arctic Ocean around 700km (430 miles) north of the northern tip of Greenland, the closest land. The ocean is 4,261m (13,980 feet) deep at that point. It is permanently covered by sea ice^[각주:10] though the sea-ice is always moving over the pole at a speed anywhere from a snails pace^[각주:11] to a brisk walk^[각주:12]. If you stood at the north pole, you would be anywhere from about 30-200cm (1-6.5 feet) above sea level.

The South Pole is a point on the great ice sheet^[각주:13] of Eastern Antarctica at a height of^[각주:14] 2,835m(9,300 feet) above sea level and around 1,300km (800 miles) from the nearest open sea^[각주:15] at the Bay of Whales. Altitude sickness^[각주:16] is a possibility at the South Pole. The ice at that point stretches down to^[각주:17] almost sea-level being about 2,700m(9,000 feet thick^[각주:18]), this is partly because^[각주:19] the weight of the ice depresses^[각주:20] the bedrock into^[각주:21] the earth's mantle^[각주:22]. The ice is moving at the South Pole at a speed of about 10m (33 feet) per year. There is a ceremonial^[각주:23] South Pole which is repositioned^[각주:24] every year on the first of January to allow for^[각주:25] the fact that it has moved since the previous year.

Light and dark. 

At the North Pole the sun is continually above the horizon^[각주:26] from around the March equinox^[각주:27] to the September equinox^[각주:28] reaching a high point of^[각주:29] 23.5º at the summer solstice^[각주:30] around June the 21st. From September to March it is continually below the horizon^[각주:31].

The poles have 5 months of daylight^[각주:32], then a month of twilight^[각주:33], then 5 months of night time^[각주:34], then a month of twilight before starting all over again.

The South Pole has the opposite to this with the sun at its highest around the 21st of December.

2. Topography^[각주:35] - the arrangement of the land and sea

The Arctic region contains a wide range of landscapes^[각주:36]; plains^[각주:37], mountains, some very large significant rivers and lakes, rolling hills^[각주:38], huge stretches of^[각주:39] tundra^[각주:40] and the edge of the largest biome^[각주:41] in the world, the taiga^[각주:42]. 

The ice in the Arctic Ocean is largely formed from the frozen sea and contained by the surrounding land masses^[각주:43]. It contains a large proportion of^[각주:44] multi year sea-ice^[각주:45] that is 3-4m (10-13 feet) thick with some much thicker ridges^[각주:46]. Greenland has the largest ice cap^[각주:47] in the Arctic (and second largest in the world after the Antarctic ice cap) other than this permanent ice is quite rare and relatively small in extent^[각주:48]. Ice bergs form when the edges of the Greenland ice sheet reach the sea, most of the ice in the Arctic even in the summer is frozen sea ice.

Antarctica is 98% covered in ice which means that away from coastal regions^[각주:49] (and even including many coastal regions) the landscape is icy mountains, glaciers or smooth ice-sheet. There are no significant rivers and none that flow year round^[각주:50], lakes are small, rare and often permanently frozen over, there is very little land vegetation^[각주:51], and no grassland^[각주:52], shrubs^[각주:53] or trees. There are small areas of tundra on the Antarctic Peninsula^[각주:54] and larger expanses^[각주:55] on a number of Antarctic and sub Antarctic^[각주:56] islands (though nothing like the huge areas found in the Arctic).

The total surface area of Antarctica approximately doubles each winter as sea-ice forms around the coasts, in the summer this ice breaks up^[각주:57] and drifts^[각주:58] north mainly melting as it does so, Antarctic sea-ice is therefore mainly first year ice. The great ice sheets of Antarctica calve enormous ice bergs into^[각주:59] the sea that are measured in^[각주:60] square miles^[각주:61] (sometimes hundreds or thousands of them), much of the ice in Antarctic waters especially in the summer is freshwater ice^[각주:62] from glaciers and ice sheets.

3. Climate

The climate of both polar regions^[각주:63] consists of long cold winters and short cool summers (or at least less colder than the winter) there is a spring and autumn (fall) but if you blink^[각주:64] you might miss them. You could say that there are two seasons, one cold and bright, the other colder and dark.

The Arctic is not as cold as the Antarctic for two main reasons, firstly the effect of the sea that doesn't fall below -2℃^[각주:65] which means that the whole of the arctic polar region and coastal regions are kept relatively warm^[각주:66] even though the sea is covered by ice. Secondly, Antarctica is the highest of all the continents at an average height of^[각주:67] 2,300m (7,546 feet or 1.4 miles) more than twice the average height of Asia, the next in line and 3-6 times as high as the other continents. Temperature falls as altitude increases at the rate of^[각주:68] about 1℃ per 100m.

There is also an effect that the weather in Antarctica is driven round and round^[각주:69] the continent by circumpolar^[각주:70] winds^[각주:71] and currents so keeping it within Antarctica, whereas the weather in the Arctic spills out to^[각주:72] the south and weather from the south spills into^[각주:73] the Arctic, this adds to^[각주:74] Antarctica being colder than Arctic as it keeps its cold to itself rather than swapping^[각주:75] weather with nearby regions^[각주:76]. 

It is difficult to try and give figures^[각주:77] for how cold each pole is as they are so vast and have different temperatures in different regions. As an indication, the temperature at the North Pole in the winter (January) varies from about -43℃ to^[각주:78] -26℃ (-45℉ to -15℉), while the South Pole in winter will be between about -62℃ to -55℃ (-80℉ to -67℉). The highest temperature recorded at^[각주:79] the North Pole is +5℃(+41℉) while at the South Pole it is -13.5℃ (+7.7℉).

The coldest temperature ever recorded on earth was -89.2℃ (-128.6℉) on July 21st 1983 at the Russian base at the Southern Geomagnetic Pole^[각주:80] in Antarctica. 

4. Plants

Plant life^[각주:81] in the Arctic is characterized largely by what grows on the tundra, a vast low growing^[각주:82] treeless^[각주:83] area of approx. 11.5M km² that is mainly underlain by^[각주:84] permafrost^[각주:85]. There are low shrubs (as tall as 2m (7 feet) in rare places, sedges^[각주:86], grasses, mosses^[각주:87] and liverworts^[각주:88] as well as an extensive^[각주:89] variety of alpine^[각주:90] type flowering plants^[각주:91] and many lichens^[각주:92]. There are about 1,700 species of plants that live on the tundra in all^[각주:93]. The tundra can support many larger herbivores^[각주:94] including reindeer^[각주:95], musk ox^[각주:96], lemmings^[각주:97], arctic hares^[각주:98] and squirrels. To the southern edge of the Arctic, the tundra can have plant cover^[각주:99] of 80-100%, further north, plant coverage can be 0% or just a few hardy^[각주:100] alpines in sheltered^[각주:101] microclimates^[각주:102]. 

Plant life in the Antarctic on the other hand is much less plentiful^[각주:103]. Only about 1% of the continent is ice free^[각주:104], this is located mainly along the Antarctic Peninsula and on islands, there are some exposed^[각주:105] rocks inland^[각주:106] however known as nunataks^[각주:107] where the hardiest of^[각주:108] plants can gain a foothold^[각주:109]. There are just two species of higher plants, a grass and a small flowering alpine, around 100 species of moss, 300-400 species of lichens and 25 species of liverworts. In very extreme conditions, algae^[각주:110] and lichens live in tiny pore spaces^[각주:111] inside rock.

Often where plants are found growing in Antarctica, they are sparse^[각주:112] and irregularly spaced^[각주:113]. 

The seas. Both the Arctic and Antarctic have highly productive seas, the production^[각주:114] being driven by phytoplankton^[각주:115]. Upwelling^[각주:116] currents bringing nutrients with them and long days in the summer months drive this production^[각주:117].

5. Animals

The Arctic has many large land animals^[각주:118] including reindeer, musk ox, lemmings, arctic hares, arctic terns^[각주:119], snowy owls^[각주:120], squirrels, arctic fox and polar bears. As the Arctic is a part of the land masses of Europe, North America and Asia, these animals can migrate^[각주:121] south in the winter and head back to^[각주:122] the north again in the more productive summer months. There are a lot of these animals in total^[각주:123] because the Arctic is so big. The land isn't so productive however so large concentrations^[각주:124] are very rare and predators tend to have very large ranges in order to be able to get enough to eat in the longer term^[각주:125].

There are also many kinds of large marine animals^[각주:126] such as walrus^[각주:127] and seals such as the bearded^[각주:128], harp^[각주:129], ringed^[각주:130], spotted^[각주:131] and hooded^[각주:132]. Narwhals^[각주:133] and other whales are present but not as plentiful as they were in pre-whaling^[각주:134] days.

The largest land animal in the Antarctic is an insect, a wingless^[각주:135] midge^[각주:136], Belgica antarctica, less than 1.3cm (0.5in) long. There are no flying insects (they'd get blown away^[각주:137]).

There are however a great many animals that feed in the sea^[각주:138] though come onto the land for part or most of their lives, these include huge numbers of adelie^[각주:139], chinstrap^[각주:140], gentoo^[각주:141], king^[각주:142], emperor^[각주:143], rockhopper^[각주:144] and macaroni penguins^[각주:145]. Fur, leopard, Weddell, elephant and crabeater seals (crabeater seals are the second most populous^[각주:146] large mammal^[각주:147] on the planet after man) and many other kinds of birds such as albatrosses^[각주:148] and assorted^[각주:149] petrels^[각주:150]. There are places in Antarctica where the wildlife reaches incredible densities, the more so for not suffering any human hunting.

6. Human inhabitants^[각주:151] 

There are many indigenous peoples^[각주:152] who live around the Arctic. There are representatives of many different groups such as the Inuit, Chukchi, Sami, Yupik, Inupiat and others. The presence of humans is one of the biggest differences between the two poles. Typically the people who live in the far north are nomadic^[각주:153] and are hunter/gatherers with the emphasis on^[각주:154] hunting rather than gathering^[각주:155], though the Sami people of Scandinavia amongst other are reindeer herders^[각주:156]. 

The presence of people in the Arctic due to overland^[각주:157] access from the south has influenced the region enormously and it has been inhabited^[각주:158] for several thousand years. There are many villages, towns and cities dotted around^[각주:159] the Arctic the largest being Murmansk^[각주:160] with 325,100 inhabitants the rest of the top 5 largest being 135,000, 85,000, 62,000 and 58,000. 

Arctic Permanent population^[각주:161] - 4 million 

Antarctica has never had any native people living there. No one set eyes on^[각주:162] Antarctica until 1820, the first human foot stepped ashore a year or two later and it was 1898 before people stayed ashore^[각주:163] for a whole year. Other than temporary sealing^[각주:164] and whaling stations^[각주:165] in the early days^[각주:166], Antarctica has only ever been inhabited by scientific stations^[각주:167] and their personnel^[각주:168] who only stay for a year or two. There are still no real native Antarcticans^[각주:169] who were born there and have always lived there and always will.

The largest habitation^[각주:170] is the American base at McMurdo with 1,000 people in the summer, though only 250 in the winter. Over the whole of^[각주:171] Antarctica there are around 4-5,000 summer visitors at scientific stations with about 1,000 of them remaining for the winter. They are greatly outnumbered by^[각주:172] ships which bring 30-40,000 tourists each summer for typically 6-14 days each, though tourists are not there at all in the winter.

Antarctica permanent population - 0, Seasonal: Summer - up to 45,000 Winter - 1,000

1. polar opposite ; 완전히 반대인 것 ;; The complete opposite, opposite in every way. [본문으로]
2. metaphorically ; [부사] 은유로, 비유적으로 [본문으로]
3. literally ; [부사] 문자[말] 그대로 [본문으로]
4. center on ;∼에 초점을 맞추다 [본문으로]
5. fundamental difference ; 기본적[본질적] 차 [본문으로]
6. above sea level ; 해발 [본문으로]
7. midsummer ; [명사] 한여름(북반구에서는 하지 무렵) [본문으로]
8. midwinter ; [명사] 한겨울 [본문으로]
9. drift ; MOVE SLOWLY | [자동사][V + adv. / prep.] (서서히) 이동하다[움직이다] [본문으로]
10. sea ice ; 해빙 [본문으로]
11. snail's pace; [명사] 달팽이 걸음, 정말 느림. [본문으로]
12. a brisk walk ; 힘찬 발걸음. [본문으로]
13. ice sheet ; [명사] (전문 용어) (육지를 덮고 있는) 빙상, 대륙 빙하, 판빙 (표면에 언 얼음). [본문으로]
14. at a height of ; ~의 고도에서 [본문으로]
15. open sea ; [the ~] 공해(公海); 외양(外洋), 외해 [본문으로]
16. altitude sickness ; [명사] 고산병, 고공병 [본문으로]
17. stretch down to ; ~에 이르기까지 뻩어 있다 [본문으로]
18. feet thick ; ~피트의 두께 [본문으로]
19. partly because ; 부분적으로는 …때문에 ;; it is partly due to ; 그것은 약간 ...에 달렸다. [본문으로]
20. depress ; 4. [타동사][VN] (격식) (특히 기계의 어느 부분을) 누르다[밀다] [본문으로]
21. bedrock ; [명사] (튼튼한) 기반 [본문으로]
22. mantle ; 5. [sing.] (지리) (지구의) 맨틀 ;; US.UK [|mӕntl] [본문으로]
23. ceremonial ; 의식[예식]의 ;; 여기서는 흐름상 "정확히 고정되어 있지 않고 자주 바뀌는" 정도의 의미로 보임 [본문으로]
24. reposition ; [타동사] 다른[새로운] 장소로 옮기다, …의 위치를 바꾸다 [본문으로]
25. allow for ; ~을 감안하다[참작하다, 고려하다] [본문으로]
26. above the horizon ; 지평선상에, 지평선위에 [본문으로]
27. march equinox ; [명사] (천문학) 춘분(春分) [본문으로]
28. September equinox ; (astronomy) The moment when the sun crosses the celestial equator while heading southward, occurring on September 22–23. That would be autumnal equinox in the northern hemisphere and vernal equinox in the southern hemisphere. ;; autumnal equinox ; [the ~] 추분(점)(秋分(點)) [본문으로]
29. reach a high point of ; 최고 수치가 (기온이) ~에 달하다 [본문으로]
30. summer solstice ; [the ~] [천문] 하지(夏至)(점) ((6월 21일; cf. WINTER SOLSTICE)) ;; US [|sɑ:lstɪs] UK [|sɒlstɪs] [본문으로]
31. below the horizon ; 지평선 아래에 [본문으로]
32. daylight ; [U] (낮의) 햇빛, 일광 ;; 참고 broad adj. [본문으로]
33. twilight ; [U] 1. 황혼, 땅거미 [본문으로]
34. night-time ; [U] 밤 시간, 야간 [본문으로]
35. topography ; [U] (전문 용어) 지형; 지형학 ;; US [tə|pɑ:grəfi] UK [tə|pɒgrəfi] [본문으로]
36. landscape ; 1. [C] 풍경(넓은 어느 지역, 특히 시골 지역에서 눈에 띄는 모든 요소를 통틀어 가리킴) [본문으로]
37. plains ; (plains [pl.]) 평원, 평지 [본문으로]
38. rolling hills ; 구불구불한 언덕 [본문으로]
39. huge stretches of ; 넓게 뻗은, 분포된 [본문으로]
40. tundra ; [U] 동토대, 툰드라 ;; 북극해 연안의 동토지대로서 삼림한계보다 북쪽의 극지에 해당한다. 지의류(地衣類), 선태류(蘚苔類) 등이 있고, 방동사니 등의 초본(草本), 버드나무류 등의 낮은 나무가 혼재한다. 남반구의 삼림생육한계 이남의 툰드라와 비슷한 초원을 남극툰드라라고 부른다. [본문으로]
41. biome ; [명사] (생물) (숲・사막 같은 특정 환경 내의) 생물군계 ;; US [|baɪoʊm] UK [|baɪəʊm] [본문으로]
42. taiga ; [sing., U] 타이가(북반구 냉대 기후 지역의 침엽수림) [본문으로]
43. land mass ; [명사] (전문 용어) (대륙과 같은) 광활한 땅덩어리 [본문으로]
44. a large proportion of ; …의 대부분[대다수] [본문으로]
45. multiyear sea ice ; 다년 해빙 [본문으로]
46. ridge ; 2. (산등성이처럼) 길쭉하게 솟은[돋은] 부분 [본문으로]
47. ice cap ; [명사] (특히 극지방의) 빙원[만년설] [본문으로]
48. n extent ; 크기[넓이]는 [본문으로]
49. coastal region ; [명사] 해안 지대 [본문으로]
50. year round ; [형용사] 연중 계속되는, 일년 내내의 [본문으로]
51. vegetation ; [U] (특히 특정 지역・환경의) 초목[식물] [본문으로]
52. grassland ; [U , pl.] (grass・lands) 풀밭, 초원 [본문으로]
53. shrub ; [명사] 관목 ;; US·UK [ʃrʌb] [본문으로]
54. the Antarctic Peninsula ; 남극 반도 [본문으로]
55. expanse ; [명사] ~ (of sth) 넓게 트인 지역 [본문으로]
56. subantarctic ; [형용사] 아남극(亞南極)의, 남극에 가까운(subpolar) [본문으로]
57. break up ; 부서지다 [본문으로]
58. drift ; 2. MOVE SLOWLY | [자동사][V + adv. / prep.] (서서히) 이동하다[움직이다] [본문으로]
59. calve ; [자동사][V] (소가) 새끼를 낳다 ;; 흐름상 "produce" 정도의 의미 [본문으로]
60. be measured in ; ~로 측정하다, ~의 단위로 측정하다 [본문으로]
61. square mile ; 제곱 마일 [본문으로]
62. freshwater ice ; 담수성 얼음 [본문으로]
63. polar regions ; [the ~] 극지방 [본문으로]
64. blink ; 1. 눈을[눈이] 깜박이다 ;; 참고 wink [본문으로]
65. fall below ; ~이하로 내려가다, (생산·연료 따위가)[기준·표준] 이하가 되다, …을 하회하다, …에 미치지 않다 [본문으로]
66. be kept warm ; 따뜻하게 유지되다 [본문으로]
67. average height ; 평균 높이 [본문으로]
68. at the rate of ; …의 비율로 [본문으로]
69. round and round ; 돌고 돌아, 빙글빙글 [본문으로]
70. circumpolar ; 1. <해양 등이> 주극(周極)의, 극지 부근에 있는 [본문으로]
71. circumpolar wind ; [명사] (지리학) 주극풍(周極風) [본문으로]
72. spill out ; [동사] 넘쳐 흘리다[흐르다, 흘러나가다]; (군중이) 무질서하게 떠나다[떠나게 하다].;; 동의어 overflow; leave quickly in a disor­ganized crowd. [본문으로]
73. spill into ; …에 쏟아져 들어가다[나오다]. [본문으로]
74. add to ; …에 더하다[보태다]. [본문으로]
75. swap ; (-pp-), (참고: place n.) 1. ~ (sth) (with sb) | ~ sth for sth (어떤 것을 주고 그 대신 다른 것으로) 바꾸다, (이야기 등을) 나누다 [본문으로]
76. nearby region ; 인근 지방 [본문으로]
77. give[cite] figures ; 숫자를 들어 설명하다 [본문으로]
78. vary from ... to ... ; ~에서 ~까지 다양하다 [본문으로]
79. be recorded at ; (~의 수치가) 나타나다, 기록되다. [본문으로]
80. Geomagnetic Pole ; [명사] (지질학) 지(구)자기극(地球~極) [본문으로]
81. plant life ; 식물 [본문으로]
82. low-growing ; of plants that grow relatively low to the ground [본문으로]
83. treeless ; [형용사] 나무가 없는 [본문으로]
84. underlie ; [타동사][VN] (under・lying , under・lay / -'leI / under・lain / -'leIn /) [수동태로는 안 씀] (격식) (…의) 기저를 이루다[기저가 되다] ;; 참고 underlying ;; 사전엔 수동태 안쓴다고 되어 있는 것과는 다르게 수동태로 활용하고 있는 것을 확인 [본문으로]
85. permafrost ; [명사] (전문 용어) 영구 동토층 ;; US [|p3:rməfrɔ:st] UK [|p3:məfrɒst] [본문으로]
86. sedge ; [명사] <사초과의 식물> US·UK [sedƷ] [본문으로]
87. mosses ; [명사] (생명과학) 선류(蘚類) [본문으로]
88. liverworts ; [명사] (식물학) 우산이끼류 [본문으로]
89. extensive ; 2. (다루는 정보가) 광범위한[폭넓은] [본문으로]
90. alpine ; 고산의, 높은 산의 [본문으로]
91. flowering plants ; 현화(顯花) 식물, 꽃식물 [본문으로]
92. lichens ; [명사] (농업) 지의식물(地衣植物) ;; US·UK [|laɪkən;|lɪtʃən] [본문으로]
93. in all ; 총[모두 합쳐] [본문으로]
94. herbivores ; [명사] (동물학) 초식 동물(草食動物) ;; US [|3:rbɪvɔ:(r);|h3:rbɪvɔ:(r)] UK [|h3:bɪvɔ:(r)] [본문으로]
95. reindeer ; [명사] pl. rein・deer , rein・deers 순록 [본문으로]
96. mus k ox ; [명사] 사향 소 [본문으로]
97. lemming ; [명사] 레밍, 나그네쥐(먹이를 찾아 집단으로 이동해 다니다가 많은 수가 한꺼번에 죽기도 함. 그래서 사람들 사이에서는 이들이 집단으로 벼랑을 뛰어내려 자살을 한다는 믿음이 있음) [본문으로]
98. arctic hare ; (동물) 눈토끼 [본문으로]
99. plant cover ; The abundances of plant species are often measured by plant cover, i.e. the relative area covered by different plant species in a small plot. Plant cover is not biased by the size and distributions of individuals, and is an important and often measured characteristic of the composition of plant communities. Plant cover data may be used to classify the studied plant community into a vegetation type, to test different ecological hypothesis on plant abundance, and in gradient studies, where the effects of different environmental gradients on the abundance of specific plant species are investigated. [본문으로]
100. hardy ; 2. (식물이) 내한성의 [본문으로]
101. sheltered ; [형용사] 장소가 비바람이 들이치지 않는 [본문으로]
102. microclimate ; [명사] (전문 용어) 미기후(微氣候: 특히 주변 다른 지역과는 다른, 특정 좁은 지역의 기후) [본문으로]
103. plentiful ; [형용사] (또한 plent・eous) 풍부한 ;; plenteous ; [형용사] (문예체) ;; 동의어 plentiful [본문으로]
104. ice free ; [명사] (해양학) 부동(不凍), ;; [형용사] 얼지 않는, 결빙(結氷)하지 않는 [본문으로]
105. exposed ; 1. (장소가 비바람에) 노출된 [본문으로]
106. inland ; [부사] 내륙으로 , [형용사] 내륙에 있는 [본문으로]
107. nunatak ; [명사] (지질) 빙하로 완전히 둘러싸인 암봉[언덕] ;; US·UK [nʌ́nətæ̀k] [본문으로]
108. hardy ; Adjective 비교 hardy < hardier < hardiest| [본문으로]
109. gain a foothold ; 발판을 마련하다, 굳히다, 거점을 확보하다. [본문으로]
110. algae ; [U , pl.] (sing. alga / 'ӕlgə /) (전문 용어) 말, 조류(藻類: 물속에 사는 하등 식물의 한 무리) ;; US.UK [|ӕldƷi: ; |ӕlgi:] [본문으로]
111. pore space ; 1. (식물학) 구멍새 2. 공극 [본문으로]
112. sparse ; [형용사] 비교급 sparser 최상급은 없음 (흔히 넓은 지역에 분포된 정도가) 드문, (밀도가) 희박한 [본문으로]
113. space ; [타동사][VN + adv. / prep.] [흔히 수동태로] (사물들 사이에 일정한) 간격을 두다 [본문으로]
114. production ; 3. [U] (자연스러운) 생성[분비] [본문으로]
115. phytoplankton ; [명사] 식물성 플랑크톤(cf. ZOOPLANKTON) ;; US·UK [fàitouplǽŋktən] [본문으로]
116. upwelling ; [명사] (하층 해수의) 용승(湧昇) [본문으로]
117. drive ; 8. CAUSE STH TO MAKE PROGRESS | [타동사][VN] 추진시키다 [본문으로]
118. land animal ; [명사] (생명과학) 육생동물(陸生動物) [본문으로]
119. arctic tern ; [명사] 북극 제비갈매기 [본문으로]
120. snowy owl ; (조류) 눈[흰]올빼미 [본문으로]
121. migrate ; 1. [자동사][V] (새・동물이 계절에 따라) 이동하다 [본문으로]
122. head back to ; ~로 다시 향하다 [본문으로]
123. in total ; 전체로서, 통틀어 [본문으로]
124. concentration ; 3. [C] ~ (of sth) (무엇이 한군데에 모이는) 집중 [본문으로]
125. in the long/short/medium term ; 장기적으로/단기적으로/중기적으로 [본문으로]
126. marine animal ; [명사] (생명과학) 해양동물(海洋動物) [본문으로]
127. walrus ; [명사] 바다코끼리 ;; US·UK [|wɔ:lrəs] [본문으로]
128. bearded seal ; (동물) 턱수염바다물범 [본문으로]
129. harp seal ; (동물) 하프바다표범 [본문으로]
130. ringed seal ; (동물) 얼룩큰점박이 바다표범 [본문으로]
131. spotted seal ; (동물) 잔점박이물범, (학명) Phoca vitulina [본문으로]
132. hooded seal ; [명사] (동물) (북대서양산(產)의) 코주머니물범(Cystophora cristata). [본문으로]
133. Narwhal ; [명사] 일각(一角)고래 ;; US [|nɑ:rwɑ:l] UK [|nɑ:wəl] [본문으로]
134. whaling ; [명사] 고래잡이, 포경업 [본문으로]
135. wingless ; [형용사] 특히 곤충이 날개가 없는 [본문으로]
136. midge ; [명사] 깔따구, 각다귀 [본문으로]
137. blow away ; 불어 날리다. [본문으로]
138. feed ; GIVE/EAT FOOD | [자동사][V] (아기나 동물이) 먹을 것을 먹다 참고 feed on/off sth [본문으로]
139. Adelie ; [명사] (조류) 애들리펭귄(Pygoscelis adeliae)((소형)). [본문으로]
140. Chinstrap Penguin; (동물) 턱끈펭귄. 펭귄목 펭귄과의 조류. [본문으로]
141. Gentoo penguin ; [명사] (남극의 작은 섬들에 사는) 펭귄의 일종 Pygoscelis papua. [본문으로]
142. king penguin ; (조류) 킹 펭귄 ((황제 펭귄 다음으로 큰)) [본문으로]
143. emperor penguin ; [명사] 황제펭귄 [본문으로]
144. rockhopper ;[명사] (동물) 마카로니펭귄속(屬)의 펭귄의 총칭((바위펭귄(Eudyptes crestatus)·마카로니펭귄(E. chrysolophus)·꼬마펭귄(Eudyptula minor)따위 ; Folkland 제도나 뉴질랜드, 남극 지방의 바다에 삶)). [본문으로]
145. Macaroni penguin ; (동물) 마카로니펭귄 [본문으로]
146. populous ; [형용사] (격식) 인구가 많은 [본문으로]
147. mammal ; [명사] 포유동물 [본문으로]
148. albatross ; [명사] 알바트로스 새, 신천옹 [본문으로]
149. assorted ; [형용사] 여러 가지의, 갖은 [본문으로]
150. petrel ; [명사] 슴새 [본문으로]
151. inhabitant ; [명사] (특정 지역의) 주민[서식 동물] [본문으로]
152. indigenous people ; [명사] 토막이, 토착민(native). [본문으로]
153. nomadic ; [형용사] 유목의, 방랑의 [본문으로]
154. with the emphasis on ; ~에 관한, 중심을 둔, ~을 중심으로 한 [본문으로]
155. gathering ; 2. [U] 수집 (과정) [본문으로]
156. herder ; [명사] (주로 미) 목자(牧者), 목부(牧夫), 목동, 목양자 [본문으로]
157. overland ; [형용사] 육로[육상]의 [본문으로]
158. inhabit ; [타동사][VN] (특정 지역에) 살다[거주/서식하다] [본문으로]
159. be dotted about/around ; if things or people are dotted about/around, they are in several different places over [본문으로]
160. Murmansk ; [명사] 무르만스크(러시아 서북부 Murman Coast에 있는 중요 부동항). [본문으로]
161. permanent population ; 영구적 개체군 ;; 흐름상 "indigenous people" 정도의 의미로 이해 [본문으로]
162. set[lay] eyes on ; …을 처음 보다; (남과) 만나다 [본문으로]
163. ashore ; [부사] 해안[강안]으로[에], 물가로[에] [본문으로]
164. seal ; [자동사] 바다표범[물개] 잡이를 하다 [본문으로]
165. whaling station ; 고래잡이 기지 ; A dock in which the carcasses of hunted whales are processed, and where whale hunters sometimes live. [본문으로]
166. in the early days ; 예전에, 초창기에 [본문으로]
167. scientific station ; 과학기지 [본문으로]
168. personnel ; 1. [pl.] (조직・군대의) 인원[직원들] [본문으로]
169. Antarctican ; [명사] 남극 사람; 남극 탐험가. [본문으로]
170. habitation ; 2. [C] (격식) (사람들이 사는) 거주지, 부락 [본문으로]
171. over the whole of ; ~의 전체 [본문으로]
172. outnumber ; [타동사][VN] …보다 수가 더 많다, 수적으로 우세하다 [본문으로]