[Annotated] Germany's election: a primer

Angela Merkel is on track for another win^[각주:1]

Posters have gone up around Germany. Angela Merkel is back from her holiday. The chancellor^[각주:2] begins her election tour tomorrow, August 12th, with a rally in^[각주:3] Dortmund. Next week she travels on to the Rhineland and the north-western city of Bremen. Martin Schulz, her Social Democratic (SPD) challenger, will launch his series of live events there a week later. The two are both doing live election interviews on television next week. Germany's election campaign is under way^[각주:4]. Here is what you need to know about the six major parties. 

The CDU/CSU

Mrs Merkel is essentially rerunning^[각주:5] her campaign from the last election, in 2013: "you know me". With refugee arrivals falling and the perception of government control and competence^[각주:6] restored, the big wobble^[각주:7] in her popularity of late 2015 and early 2016 now feels like ancient history^[각주:8]. The disagreements between^[각주:9] her Christian Democrats (CDU) and their more conservative Bavarian partners, the Christian Social Union (CSU), have been papered over^[각주:10]. The economy is strong and after years of stagnation wages are rising, if modestly^[각주:11]. For many voters, this is reason enough to stick with a formula^[각주:12] that^[각주:13] has broadly served Germany well for the past 12 years: centrism^[각주:14], conflict-aversion^[각주:15] and (to quote an old CDU slogan) no experiments. 

Abroad^[각주:16] Mrs Merkel is often described by critics and admirers as a sphinx^[각주:17], a master chess-player, a Machiavellian. In truth^[각주:18] she is not so complicated. She believes in generating prosperity^[각주:19] through market forces^[각주:20] and distributing it widely. Beyond that she travels light^[각주:21]: cleaving to^[각주:22] few ideological precepts^[각주:23] and avoiding risk, apart from^[각주:24] situations where^[각주:25] she feels she has little choice and believes she can steer events^[각주:26]. She triangulates^[각주:27] because it works. Not (as some claim) by obsessively^[각주:28] following polls^[각주:29], but by divining^[각주:30] long-term shifts in^[각주:31] opinion and political conflicts and positioning herself in^[각주:32] the middle - often heading off^[각주:33] those conflicts altogether. A typical example was her manoeuvring on^[각주:34] equal marriage in June. 

Critics, including Mr Schulz, accuse her of^[각주:35] "asymmetric^[각주:36] demobilization^[각주:37]"; that is, of deliberately^[각주:38] lowering^[각주:39] turnout among^[각주:40] supporters of her opponents by being inoffensive^[각주:41]. This is true, but hardly a damning^[각주:42] indictment^[각주:43]. In practice^[각주:44] she knows her electorate^[각주:45] and gives it what it wants. I saw this a few weeks ago at one of her rallies on the Baltic Sea^[각주:46]. Practically every sentence of her speech was a third-way^[각주:47] formulation^[각주:48] offering something for everyone: "a strong Germany [right] in a strong Europe [left]", "migrants must speak German [right] and we should be proud of our diversity^[각주:49] [left]", "the state should not prescribe how^[각주:50] people live [right] but it must support them [left]". The audience of holidaymakers^[각주:51] cheered her keenly^[각주:52], but she barely even solicited their support^[각주:53]: "perhaps you will consider putting your cross in the box for^[각주:54] the Christian Democrats," she mused^[각주:55].

In a country going through^[각주:56] economic or social turmoil^[각주:57] this would not be enough. But Germany's prosperity, if imperfectly^[각주:58] distributed, makes it sufficient^[각주:59]. Voters here do not tend to adore^[각주:60] Merkel. But they tend to think they could do worse. And that goes for supporters of other parties as well as Christian Democrats: a poll by Forschungsgruppe Wahlen released on August 11th shows that 29% of SPD voters would prefer her as chancellor to Mr Schulz. Like other recent surveys it has her party winning 40% of the vote. It is safe to assume that Mrs Merkel will lead the next German government.

The SPD 

Mr Schulz is in a bind^[각주:61]. He hails from^[각주:62] the right of the SPD, which puts him close to^[각주:63] Mrs Merkel on the CDU's left. The parties' two manifestos^[각주:64] are similar, with a few modest differences^[각주:65] (both back tax^[각주:66] cuts and investment increases, for example, but the SPD would raise taxes on the highest earners^[각주:67] and invest a bit more).

Mr Schulz only emerged as^[각주:68] the SPD's candidate for chancellor in January, when Sigmar Gabriel, the party's then-leader^[각주:69], stepped down^[각주:70] and took the vacant post of^[각주:71] foreign minister^[각주:72]. Mr Schulz had been out of Germany since 1994, when as the former mayor of a small town near Aachen he moved to Brussels as an MEP^[각주:73], working his way up the ranks to become president of the European Parliament^[각주:74]. At first this background - earthy^[각주:75] but with international gravitas^[각주:76], and unburdened by^[각주:77] the compromises^[각주:78] made during his party's four years in coalition^[각주:79] under Mrs Merkel - seemed to give him a magic touch^[각주:80]. The SPD soared into^[각주:81] contention^[각주:82], even overtaking^[각주:83] the CDU/CSU in a couple of polls, but then the novelty^[각주:84] wore off^[각주:85] and the party slumped^[각주:86]. When in May it lost power in North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany's largest state and a traditional SPD stronghold^[각주:87], the game seemed up to many in the party.

Since then Mr Schulz has been trying to find subjects with which to prise open^[각주:88] Mrs Merkel's apolitical^[각주:89] armour. He has tried social justice^[각주:90] - distancing his party from^[각주:91] the liberalizing reforms^[각주:92] conducted by its former chancellor, Gerhard Schroder. He has tried Europe: travelling to Paris to signal his support for^[각주:93] Emmanuel Macron. He has tried refugees: visiting Italy to discuss how well prepared Europe is for the next crisis. He has tried defence: rebranding^[각주:94] the CDU/CSU commitment to^[각주:95] NATO's 2% of GDP target for defence spending^[각주:96] as an "arms race^[각주:97]", despite the fact that his party in government supported the measure. He has called out^[각주:98] the chancellor for her "asymmetric demobilization". All to no avail^[각주:99].

Another weight on^[각주:100] Mr Schulz is his refusal to^[각주:101] rule out^[각주:102] a "red-red-green" coalition with the Greens and, controversially^[각주:103], The Left. But in practice he would prefer a "traffic light"^[각주:104] coalition with the Greens and the Free Democratic Party (FDP), following in^[각주:105] the steps of his political hero, Willy Brandt.

FDP

The free-market FDP obtained its best-ever^[각주:106] result in 2009, joined a government with Mrs Merkel, seemingly^[각주:107] achieved little then crashed out of^[각주:108] the Bundestag altogether in 2013. So extensive was the wipeout at^[각주:109] both federal and state levels^[각주:110] that the party today is still something of a one-man band - centred on its leader, Christian Lindner - and has few heavyweights beyond^[각주:111] him.

But Mr Lindner has presided over^[각주:112] a comeback of^[각주:113] sorts^[각주:114] by rebranding his party as an outfit for^[각주:115] radical modernizers^[각주:116]. He has concentrated on digitization^[각주:117] - a field where Germany lags many of its competitors^[각주:118] - and pragmatic^[각주:119] infrastructure improvements. This, combined with his youthful pitch^[각주:120] (evocative of^[각주:121] Mr Macron or Justin Trudeau) has allowed him to reach new voters in metropolitan^[각주:122] Germany. But he has balanced this with an appeal to^[각주:123] traditional FDP voters, who are to the right of liberals in most European countries (Liberal Democrats in Britain, say, or Mr Macron in France). For example, he wants Greece booted out^[각주:124] of the euro and recently suggested that Germany should tolerate^[각주:125] Russia's annexation of^[각주:126] Crimea^[각주:127]. 

This last gambit^[각주:128] - which Mr Lindner seems to regret - points to^[각주:129] his biggest priority. Most of all, the FDP leader wants to get his party back in the headlines. Insofar as^[각주:130] he seems to be succeeding, his party will return to the Bundestag this autumn. 

The Greens 

A party that grew out of^[각주:131] the pro-migration, anti-nuclear movement in the 1980s has a tough time under a pro-migration and anti-nuclear chancellor. So the Greens have been struggling recently: some polls putting them close to the 5% hurdle^[각주:132] needed to stay in the Bundestag. Moreover^[각주:133], it is not fully clear where they stand: a pragmatically^[각주:134] pro-business^[각주:135] leadership contrasting awkwardly^[각주:136] with^[각주:137] its more left-wing base.

Yet the Greens matter. They are in 10 of Germany's 16 state governments so have extensive^[각주:138] power over things like education and infrastructure, as well as in the Bundesrat (the federal upper house^[각주:139], made up of^[각주:140] state representatives). This experience has given the party a long bench of^[각주:141] prospective^[각주:142] legislators^[각주:143] and even ministers. The party is also a bastion for^[각주:144] a tough foreign policy: pro-European, anti-Putin and anti-Erdogan. 

The Left

Germany's most left-wing major party is a fusion of^[각주:145] the successor party to^[각주:146] the East German communists and a party that broke from^[각주:147] the SPD under Mr Schroder's pro-market welfare reforms. It is divided between^[각주:148] moderates^[각주:149] (mostly based in its eastern strongholds^[각주:150], where it is the de facto^[각주:151] party of social democracy^[각주:152]) and hardliners^[각주:153] (mostly based in the west, where it is less mainstream^[각주:154]). Under Sahra Wagenknecht, who is pro-Russian and anti-NATO, the hardliners have an upper hand in^[각주:155] the party. This makes the ideal of many on the German left - a grand^[각주:156] reunion of^[각주:157] SPD, Left and Greens - hard to imagine, to the frustration of some Wagenknecht critics near the top of the party. For the time being^[각주:158] it will remain a marginal force^[각주:159], truly significant only in the eastern states.

Alternative for Germany (AfD)

The country's youngest major party emerged in 2013 as a free-market, Eurosceptic party and took 4.7% of votes at the federal election of that year. Since then it has been taken over by forces to the right, styled itself^[각주:160] for a while as the voice of opposition to Mrs Merkel's refugee policies and now seems rather lost. It is also mired in personality battles^[각주:161], many involving Frauke Petry, the party's dominant figure who was sidelined^[각주:162] at its conference in April. Infighting^[각주:163] continues to mire^[각주:164] the AfD, which will probably clear the 5% hurdle and make lots of noise in the next Bundestag. Less clear is whether it will achieve much.

1. be on track ; (원하는 결과를 향해) 착착 나아가다[진행 중이다] [본문으로]
2. chancellor ; [흔히 직함에 쓰여] 1. (독일・오스트리아의) 수상 [본문으로]
3. rally ; 1. [C] (특히 어떤 생각・정당을 지지하기 위한 대규모) 집회[대회] ;; 참고 ; pep rally [본문으로]
4. be under way ; have started and be now progressing or taking place [본문으로]
5. rerun ; 2. (동일한 방식으로) 반복하다 [본문으로]
6. competence ; 1. [U , C] (드물게 com・pe・ten・cy) ~ (in sth) | ~ (in doing sth) 능숙함, 능숙도 [본문으로]
7. wobble ; 2. (마음・자신감의) 흔들림, 동요 [본문으로]
8. ancient history ; 1. 고대사 ((서로마 제국 멸망(A.D. 476)까지)) 2. (구어) 누구나 아는 일, 진부한 이야기 [본문으로]
9. disagreement ; 1. [U , C] ~ (about/on/over/as to sth) | ~ (among…) | ~ between A and B 의견 충돌[차이], 다툼 [본문으로]
10. paper over ; 2. 미봉책으로 가리다 [본문으로]
11. modestly ; [부사] 겸손하게, 얌전하게, 삼가서 [본문으로]
12. formula ; 7. [C] (특정한 상황에서 쓰는) 정형화된[판에 박힌] 문구 [본문으로]
13. stick with ; 2. ~을 계속하다 [본문으로]
14. centrism ; [U] 중도주의, 중도 정치 [본문으로]
15. aversion ; [C , U] ~ (to sb/sth) 아주 싫어함, 혐오감 [본문으로]
16. abroad ; [부사] ; 2. (격식) (소문・느낌 등이) 널리 퍼져[떠다녀] [본문으로]
17. sphinx ; [명사] 흔히 the Sphinx 스핑크스 상(사람 머리에 엎드려 있는 사자 형상의 몸을 한 고대 이집트 석상); (고대 그리스 신화의) 스핑크스 [본문으로]
18. in truth ; 사실은[실은](실상이 어떠함을 강조할 때 씀) [본문으로]
19. prosperity ; [U] 번영, 번성, 번창 [본문으로]
20. market forces ; [명사] 시장의 힘, 자유 시장 방식 [본문으로]
21. travel light ; (짐을 아주 적게 가지고) 가볍게 여행하다 [본문으로]
22. cleave to ; …을 고수하다. [본문으로]
23. precept ; [C , U] (격식) (행동) 수칙, 계율 ;; US.UK [|pri:sept] [본문으로]
24. apart from ; 1. …외에는, …을 제외하고 [본문으로]
25. situations를 where로 받은 것을 확인 [본문으로]
26. steer ; 3. [타동사][VN + adv. / prep.] (영향력 등을 발휘하여) 이끌다[몰고 가다] [본문으로]
27. triangulate ; 1. 3각으로 만들다 2. 삼각형으로 나누다; 3각 측량을 하다 [본문으로]
28. obsessively ; [부사] 망상에 사로잡혀, 집요하게. [본문으로]
29. follow ; 11. WATCH/LISTEN | [타동사][VN] 유심히 지켜보다[귀를 기울이다] [본문으로]
30. divine ; 1. (격식) (직감으로) 알다, 예측하다 [본문으로]
31. long-term shift ; 장기적 변화 [본문으로]
32. position ; [타동사][VN + adv. / prep.] (특정한 위치에) 두다[배치하다], …의 자리를 잡다 [본문으로]
33. head off ; (앞을 가로막아) ~의 진로[도주로]를 차단하다 [본문으로]
34. manoeuvring ; [명사] (흔히 부정직하게) 능수능란함[교묘함] ;; US·UK [mə|nu:vərɪŋ] [본문으로]
35. accuse ~ of ; ~를 ~라는 이유로 비난하다 [본문으로]
36. asymmetric ; 2. (전문 용어) 불균형적인 [본문으로]
37. demobilization ; [U] (군사) 동원 해제, 제대 [본문으로]
38. deliberately ; 1. 고의로, 의도[계획]적으로 [본문으로]
39. lower ; 2. (가치・특질 등을[이]) 낮추다[낮아지다] [본문으로]
40. turnout ; 2. 투표자의 수, 투표율 [본문으로]
41. inoffensive ; [형용사] 남의 마음을 상하게 하지 않을 [본문으로]
42. damning ; [형용사] 비판적인; 유죄[과오]를 강력 시사하는 [본문으로]
43. indictment ; 1. [C] [주로 단수로] ~ (of/on sb/sth) (제도・사회 등의) 폐단의 흔적 ;; US.UK [ɪn|daɪtmənt] [본문으로]
44. in practice ; 실제는 [본문으로]
45. electorate ; [C+sing./pl. v.] 1. (전체) 유권자 ;; US.UK [ɪ|lektərət] [본문으로]
46. the Baltic Sea ; [the ~] 발트 해 [본문으로]
47. third-way ; [명사] 제3의 길(중도적인 정치 노선) [본문으로]
48. formulation ; 2. 명확한 어구[표현] [본문으로]
49. diversity ; 1. [U , C] [주로 단수로] 다양성 [본문으로]
50. prescribe ; 2. (권위 있는 사람・기관에 대해 써서) 규정[지시]하다 [본문으로]
51. holidaymaker ; (美 vac・ation・er) (英) 휴가객, (휴가의) 행락객, 피서객 [본문으로]
52. keenly ; 1. 날카롭게; 예민하게; 강렬[격심]하게; 열심히; 빈틈없이 [본문으로]
53. solicit ; 1. ~ sth (from sb) | ~ (sb) (for sth) (격식) 간청[요청]하다, 얻으려고[구하려고] 하다 ;; US.UK [sə|lɪsɪt] [본문으로]
54. put a cross ; X 표를 하다 ; 흐름상 "특정 정당에 표를 주다" 정도의 의미 [본문으로]
55. muse ; 2. (사색에 잠긴 채) 혼잣말을 하다 [본문으로]
56. go through ; 4. ~을 겪다 [본문으로]
57. turmoil ; [U , sing.] 혼란, 소란 [본문으로]
58. imperfectly ; [부사] 불완전하게, 불충분하게. [본문으로]
59. sufficient ; ~ (to do sth) | ~ (for sth/sb) 충분한 ;; 참고 ; self-sufficient [본문으로]
60. adore ; 2. (비격식) 아주 좋아하다 [본문으로]
61. in a bind ; 곤경에 처한 [본문으로]
62. hail from ; …출신이다(be from), …에서 태어났다 [본문으로]
63. put sb close to ; ~에 근처에 두다, 가까이 하게 하다 [본문으로]
64. manifesto ; (pl. -os) (어떤 단체, 특히 정당의) 성명서[선언문] ;; US [|mӕnɪ|festoʊ] UK [|mӕnɪ|festəʊ] [본문으로]
65. modest difference ; 적당한 차이 [본문으로]
66. back tax ; [명사] 체납 세금. [본문으로]
67. earner ; 1. (직장을 다녀) 돈을 버는 사람, 소득자 ;; 참고 ; wage earner [본문으로]
68. emerge as ; ~로 나타나다, 드러나다 [본문으로]
69. then ; [형용사][명사 앞에만 씀] (그) 당시의 [본문으로]
70. step down/aside ; (요직 등에서) 물러나다 [본문으로]
71. vacant post ; 결원(缺員)이 되어 있는 지위. [본문으로]
72. foreign minister ; (특히 영) [보통 F- M-] 외무부 장관(foreign secretary) [본문으로]
73. MEP ; [명사] 유럽 의회 의원(Member of the European Parliament) [본문으로]
74. the European Parliament ; [명사] 유럽 연합 의회 [본문으로]
75. earthy ; (earth・ier , earthi・est) 1. 저속한 [본문으로]
76. gravitas ; [U] (격식) 진지함 ;; US.UK [|grӕvɪtɑ:s ; |grӕvɪtӕs] [본문으로]
77. unburden ; 2. ~ sb/sth (of sth) (부담・걱정 등을) 덜어 주다 [본문으로]
78. compromise ; 1. [C] 타협[절충](내용) [본문으로]
79. coalition ; 2. [C+sing./pl. v.] (특히 정치적인) 연합체 [본문으로]
80. a/the magic touch ; (have/give sb) a special ability that means the person does something very well [본문으로]
81. soar into ; …까지 급상승하다. [본문으로]
82. contention ; (격식), (참고: bone n.) 1. [U] 논쟁, 언쟁 [본문으로]
83. overtake ; 2. [타동사][VN] (수・양・중요도 면에서) 앞지르다[능가/추월하다] [본문으로]
84. novelty ; (pl. -ies) 1. [U] 새로움, 참신함, 신기함 [본문으로]
85. wear off ; (차츰) 사라지다[없어지다] ;; to decrease in intensity gradually [본문으로]
86. slump ; 2. [자,타동사][+ adv. / prep.] 털썩 앉다; 푹 쓰러지다 [본문으로]
87. stronghold ; 1. (특정 사상・집단의) 근거지[중심지], (특히 특정 정당의) 지지 지역 [본문으로]
88. prise ; [동사] (pry / praɪ / 특히 美) (무엇을 분리시키기 위해 억지로) 비틀다 ;; US·UK [praɪz] [본문으로]
89. apolitical ; 1. (사람이) 정치에 관심 없는 2. 어떤 정파[정당]에 관련되지 않은 ;; US.UK [|eɪpə|lɪtɪkl] [본문으로]
90. social justice ; (법률) 사회정의(社會正義) [본문으로]
91. distance ; [타동사][VN] ~ yourself/sb/sth (from sb/sth) (~에) 관여[개입]하지 않다[않게 하다] [본문으로]
92. liberalize ; [타동사][VN] (법률・정치・종교적 시스템을) 완화하다 [본문으로]
93. signal ; 2. [타동사][VN] (어떤 일이 있거나 있을 것임을) 시사[암시]하다 [본문으로]
94. rebrand ; [타동사][VN] (기업・조직 등이) 브랜드 이미지를 새롭게 하다[쇄신하다] [본문으로]
95. (a) commitment to ; …에의 헌신. [본문으로]
96. defence spending ; 방위비 [본문으로]
97. arms race ; [명사] 군비 확장 경쟁 [본문으로]
98. call out ; 1. (특히 위급한 상황에서) ~를 부르다[호출하다] [본문으로]
99. (all) to no avail ; 보람없이, 헛되이 [본문으로]
100. weight ; 5. RESPONSIBILITY/WORRY | [sing.] ~ (of sth) (무거운 책임감 같은) 짐, 부담 [본문으로]
101. refusal ; [U , C] ~ (of sth) | ~ (to do sth) 거절, 거부 ;; 참고 ; first refusal [본문으로]
102. rule out ; [동사] (가능하거나 적절하지 않다고) 제외시키다, 배제하다; 불가능하게 하다.;; 동의어 ; exclude, eliminate. [본문으로]
103. controversially ; [부사] 논쟁적으로. [본문으로]
104. traffic light ; [C] (교통) 신호등 ;; ('traffic lights [pl.] , 美 또한 stop・lights [pl.]) [본문으로]
105. follow in ; …을 따르다. [본문으로]
106. best-ever ; 최고의 [본문으로]
107. seemingly ; [부사] 외견상으로, 겉보기에는 [본문으로]
108. crash out of sth ; to lose a game very badly and so not be able to continue to take part in a competition [본문으로]
109. wipeout ; (비격식) 1. [U , C] 전멸, 말살, 완패 [본문으로]
110. state level ; 주(州)의 수준. [본문으로]
111. heavyweight ; 3. 영향력 있는 사람[조직 등], 유력자 [본문으로]
112. preside ; [자동사][V] ~ (at/over sth) (회의・의식 등을) 주재[주도]하다 [본문으로]
113. comeback ; 1. [주로 단수로] (유명인의) 컴백, 복귀, 재기 [본문으로]
114. sort ; 2. [C] (주로 단수로 비격식 특히 英) (특정한 부류의) 사람 [본문으로]
115. outfit ; 2. [C+sing./pl. v.] (비격식) (함께 작업하는) 팀[그룹/집단 등] [본문으로]
116. modernizer ; [명사] 현대화하는 사람. [본문으로]
117. digitization ; [명사] 디지털화 [본문으로]
118. lag ; (-gg-) 1. [자동사][V] ~ (behind sb/sth) | ~ (behind) 뒤에 처지다, 뒤떨어지다 ;; lag behind의 의미로 쓴듯하나 사전과는 달리 타동사로 활용한것을 확인 [본문으로]
119. pragmatic ; [형용사] 실용적인 [본문으로]
120. pitch ; 3. 정도, 도(度) [본문으로]
121. evocative of ; …을 상기시키는. [본문으로]
122. metropolitan ; [명사 앞에만 씀] 1. (또한 美 비격식 metro) 대도시[수도]의 ;; US [|metrə|pɑ:lɪtən] UK [|metrə|pɒlɪtən] [본문으로]
123. an appeal to ; …에 호소. [본문으로]
124. Want 뿐만 아니라 need, prefer, would like 등도 <동사+목적어+과거분사> 구조로 쓸 수 있다 [본문으로]
125. tolerate ; 1. 용인하다 [본문으로]
126. annexation ; 1. [U] 부가, 첨가; (영토의) 합병 2. 부가물, 부록, 부대물; 합병지 ;; US.UK [æ̀nikséiʃən,-nek-] [본문으로]
127. Crimea ; 1. [the ~] 크림 반도 ((흑해 북쪽 해안의)) 2. 크림 ((크림 반도에 있던 구소련 자치 공화국; 제2차 대전 후 우크라이나 공화국에 편입)) [본문으로]
128. gambit ; 1. (대화 등의 초반에 우세를 확보하기 위한) 수[말/행동] [본문으로]
129. point to ; 2. ~을 시사하다[나타내다] [본문으로]
130. insofar as[that] ; …하는[인] 한에 있어서(는) [본문으로]
131. grow out of ; 자라서 맞지 않게 되다(=become too large for). [본문으로]
132. hurdle ; 3. 장애, 난관 [본문으로]
133. moreover ; [부사] (격식) 게다가, 더욱이 [본문으로]
134. pragmatically ; [부사] 실용적으로 ; 실용주의적으로. [본문으로]
135. pro-business ; [형용사] 친(親)비즈니스파(派)의, 재계(財界)편의 [본문으로]
136. awkwardly ; [부사] 어색하게, 서투르게, 어설프게; 거북하게, 꼴사납게 [본문으로]
137. contrast with ; …와 대조를 이루다[대비하다]. [본문으로]
138. extensive ; 1. 아주 넓은[많은], 대규모의 [본문으로]
139. upper house ; [sing.] (양원제 의회의) 상원 ;; 참고 ; lower house ;; (또한 ˌupper 'chamber , ˌsecond 'chamber 특히 英) [본문으로]
140. be made up of ; ~로 구성되다 [본문으로]
141. bench ; 3. [C] [주로 복수로] (영국 의회에서 특정 정치 집단이 앉는) 벤치[의원석] ;; 참고 ; back bench, the front bench [본문으로]
142. prospective ; 2. 곧 있을, 다가오는 [본문으로]
143. legislator ; [명사] (격식) 입법자, 국회[의회]의원 [본문으로]
144. bastion ; 1. (격식) (생활 방식・주의 등의) 수호자 ;; US.UK [|bӕstiən] [본문으로]
145. fusion ; 1. [U , sing.] 융합, 결합 [본문으로]
146. successor party ; 계승정당 [본문으로]
147. break from ; ~에서 탈피하다, 벗어나다 [본문으로]
148. be divided between ; ~와 ~로 나눠지다 [본문으로]
149. moderate ; (특히 정치적으로) 중도파[온건파]인 사람 [본문으로]
150. stronghold ; 1. (특정 사상・집단의) 근거지[중심지], (특히 특정 정당의) 지지 지역 [본문으로]
151. de facto ; [주로 명사 앞에 씀] (라틴어에서 격식) (법적으로는 받아들여지지 않더라도) 사실상의[실질적인] [본문으로]
152. social democracy ; [U , C] 사회 민주주의 [본문으로]
153. hardliner ; [명사] 강경 노선의 사람, 강경파 [본문으로]
154. mainstream ; [sing.] the mainstream (사상・견해 등의) 주류[대세] [본문으로]
155. have the upper hand ; 이기다, 우세하다 [본문으로]
156. grand ; 3. 원대한, 야심 찬 [본문으로]
157. reunion ; 3. [U] (단체・기관 등의) 재통합 [본문으로]
158. for the time being ; 당분간, 당장(當場)에. [본문으로]
159. marginal ; 1. 미미한, 중요하지 않은 [본문으로]
160. style ; 2. GIVE NAME/TITLE | [타동사][VN-N] (격식) 칭하다, 부르다 [본문으로]
161. be mired in ; (도탄, 문제, 곤경, 함정, 싸움 등) 에 말려들다, 빠지다 [본문으로]
162. sideline ; 2. 열외로 취급하다 [본문으로]
163. infighting ; [명사] 내분 [본문으로]
164. mire ; 1 a : to cause to stick fast in or as if in mire, b : to hamper or hold back as if by mire [본문으로]