티스토리 뷰
Brain-computer interfaces may change what it means to be 1 human 2
Technologies are often billed as transformative 3. For William Kochevar, the term is justified. Mr Kochevar is paralyzed below the shoulders after a cycling accident 4, yet has managed to feed himself by 5 his own hand. This remarkable feat 6 is partly thanks to 7 electrodes 8, implanted in his right arm, which stimulate muscles. But the real magic lies higher up. Mr Kochevar can control his arm using the power of thought. His intention to move is reflected in neural activity in his motor cortex 9; these signals are detected by implants in his brain and processed into commands to 10 activate the electrodes in his arms. 11
An ability to decode thought in this way may sound like science fiction. But brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) like the BrainGate system used by Mr Kochevar provide evidence that mind-control can work. Researchers are able to tell what words and images people have heard and seen from neural activity alone. Information can also be encoded and used to stimulate the brain. Over 300,000 people have cochlear implants 12, which help them to hear by converting sound into 13 electrical signals and sending them into the brain. Scientists have "injected" data into monkeys' heads, instructing them to 14 perform actions via electrical 15 pulses 16. 17
As our Technology Quarterly in this issue explains, the pace of research into 18 BCIs and the scale of its ambition are increasing. Both America's armed forces 19 and Silicon Valley are starting to focus on the brain. Facebook dreams of 20 thought-to-text typing. Kernel, a startup, has $100m to spend on neurotechnology 21. Elon Musk has formed a firm 22 called Neuralink; he thinks that, if humanity is to survive the advent of 23 artificial intelligence, it needs an upgrade. Entrepreneurs envisage a world in which 24 people can communicate telepathically 25, with each other and with machines, or acquire superhuman abilities 26, such as hearing at very high frequencies. 27
These powers, if they ever materialize, are decades away. But well before then, BCIs could open the door to remarkable new applications 28. Imagine stimulating the visual cortex to 29 help the blind, forging new neural connections in 30 stroke victims 31 or monitoring the brain for signs of depression. By turning the firing of neurons into a resource to be harnessed 32, BCIs may change the idea of what it means to be human. 33
That thinking feeling
Sceptics scoff. Taking medical BCIs out of the lab into 34 clinical practice 35 has proved very difficult 36. The BrainGate system used by Mr Kochevar was developed more than ten years ago, but only a handful of 37 people have tried it out 38. Turning implants into consumer products 39 is even harder to imagine. The path to the mainstream is blocked by three formidable 40 barriers 41 - technological 42, scientific and commercial. 43
Start with technology. Non-invasive techniques like an electroencephalogram (EEG) 44 struggle to pick up high-resolution brain signals 45 through intervening layers of 46 skin, bone and membrane 47. Some advances are being made - on EEG caps that can be used to play virtual-reality games or control industrial robots 48 using thought alone. But for the time being at least 49, the most ambitious applications require implants that can 50interact directly with neurons. And existing devices have lots of drawbacks. They involve wires that pass through the skull; they provoke immune responses 51; they communicate with only a few hundred of the 85bn neurons in the human brain. But that could soon change. Helped by advances in miniaturization 52 and increased computing power, efforts are under way to 53 make safe, wireless implants that can communicate with hundreds of thousands of neurons. Some of these interpret the brain's electrical signals; others experiment with 54 light, magnetism 55 and ultrasound 56. 57
Clear the technological barrier, and another one looms. The brain is still a foreign country 58. Scientists know little about how exactly it works, especially when it comes to 59 complex functions like memory formation. Research is more advanced in 60 animals, but experiments on humans are hard. Yet, even today, some parts of the brain, like the motor cortex, are better understood. Nor is complete knowledge 61 always needed 62. Machine learning can recognize patterns of neural activity; the brain itself gets the hang of 63 controlling BCIS with extraordinary ease 64. And neurotechnology will reveal more of the brain's secrets. 65
The third obstacle comprises the practical barriers to commercialization 67. It takes time, money and expertise to 68 get medical devices approved 69. And consumer applications will take off only if 70 they perform a function 71 people find useful. Some of the applications for brain-computer interfaces are unnecessary - a good voice-assistant is a simpler way to type without fingers than a brain implant, for example. The idea of consumers clamouring for 72 craniotomies 73 also seems far-fetched 74. Yet brain implants are already an established treatment for some conditions 75. Around 150,000 people receive deep-brain stimulation via 76 electrodes to help them control Parkinson's disease. Elective surgery 77 can become routine, as laser-eye procedures show 78. 79
All of which suggests that a route to the future imagined by the neurotech pioneers is arduous but achievable 80. When human ingenuity 81 is applied to a problem, however hard, it is unwise to 82 bet against it 83. Within a few years, improved technologies 84 may be opening up 85 new channels of communications with 86 the brain. Many of the first applications hold out 87 unambiguous promise 88 - of movement and senses restored. But as uses 89 move to the augmentation of abilities 90, whether for military purposes or among consumers, a host of concerns 91 will arise 92. Privacy is an obvious one: the refuge of 93 an inner voice 94 may disappear. Security is another: if a brain can be reached on the internet, it can also be hacked. Inequality is a third: access to superhuman cognitive abilities could be beyond all except a self-perpetuating elite 95. Ethicists 96 are already starting to grapple with questions of 97 identity and agency 98 that arise when a machine is in the neural loop. 99
These questions are not urgent. But the bigger story is that neither are they the realm of pure fantasy. Technology changes the way people live. Beneath the skull lies the next frontier 100. 101
- interface ; 3. (사람·장비·시스템 따위 간의) 공동 경계선[상호 연결]. ;; 4. 서로 다른 요소들을 조화·연결시키는 것. ;; 5. 상호 접촉[연결], 커뮤니케이션. ;; 6. (컴퓨터) 인터페이스. a). 컴퓨터의 각 장치[프로그램]사이의 정보 전달 장치. b). 컴퓨터와 인간을 연결해주는 장치(디스플레이, 키보드 등). [본문으로]
- what it means to be ; ~하는 것이 무엇인지 [본문으로]
- bill as ; …라고 묘사하다, 소개하다, 홍보하다, 광고하다 [본문으로]
- transformative ; 혁신적인, 변화를 가능케하는, 변화무쌍한 [본문으로]
- cycling ; [U] 자전거 타기, 사이클링 [본문으로]
- feed oneself ;(남의 손을 빌지 않고) 혼자 먹다 [본문으로]
- feat ; [명사] (호감) 위업, 개가; (뛰어난) 솜씨[재주] ;; 미국·영국 [fi:t] [본문으로]
- be thanks to ; ~의 덕분이다 [본문으로]
- electrode ; 전극 ;; 참고 ; anode, cathode [본문으로]
- motor cortex ; (의학) 운동겉질, 운동피질(運動皮質). 신체의 일차운동 조절과 관계되는 대뇌피질 전두엽(前頭葉)의 영역. 브로드만영역 4(Brodmann’s area 4). ;; 참고 cortex [본문으로]
- process ; 3. (컴퓨터) (컴퓨터에서 데이터를) 처리하다 [본문으로]
- encode ; 2. (컴퓨터) 부호화하다 ;; 참고: decode [본문으로]
- cochlear ; [형용사] (해부) 달팽이관의 ; 나선 계단의. [본문으로]
- convert (sth) into ; ~를 ~로 바꾸다 [본문으로]
- instruct ; 2. [타동사][VN] ~ sb (in sth) (격식) (특히 실용적인 기술을) 가르치다 ;; 3. [타동사][VN that] [주로 수동태로] (격식) (정보를) 알려 주다[전하다] [본문으로]
- electrical ; [형용사] 전기의; 전기를 이용하는[생산하는] [본문으로]
- pulse ; 3. (광선・음향 따위의) 진동[파동]; (전기의) 펄스 [본문으로]
- quarterly ; ((pl. -lies)) 계간물(季刊物), 계간지(誌) ;; 연 4회 간행물 [본문으로]
- research into ; …을 연구[조사]하다. ;; 참고 ; research in[on, about] [본문으로]
- armed forces ; [pl.] (한 국가의) 군대 ;; (英 또한 the ˌarmed 'services) [본문으로]
- dream of ; …을 꿈꾸다. ;; to imagine and think about something that you would like to happen [본문으로]
- neurotechnology ; Any technology concerned with the nervous system [본문으로]
- form ; 7. ORGANIZATION | (단체・위원회 등을[이]) 구성[결성]하다[되다] [본문으로]
- advent ; 1. [sing.] the ~ of sth/sb 도래, 출현 ;; 미국∙영국 [|ӕdvent] [본문으로]
- envisage ; [동사] (특히 英) (미래의 일을) 예상[상상]하다 ;; 美 주로 envision [본문으로]
- telepathically ; [부사] 정신 감응으로, 이심전심으로. [본문으로]
- superhuman ; 초인적인 ;; 참고 subhuman, supernatural, divine ;; 반의어 ; subterhuman [본문으로]
- materialize ; [v] 1. [보통 부정문에 쓰여] (예상・계획대로) 구체화되다[실현되다] [본문으로]
- application ; 2. 특정의 용도[목적] ;; 3. [[UC/]] 적응성, 응용성, 실용성 [본문으로]
- visual cortex ; 시각령(視覺領) ((시신경으로부터 흥분을 받아들이는 대뇌 피질의 부분)) [본문으로]
- forge ; 1. [타동사][VN] 구축하다 [본문으로]
- stroke victims ; 뇌졸증 환자 [본문으로]
- harness ; 2. (동력원 등으로) 이용[활용]하다 [본문으로]
- scoff ; 1. ~ (at sb/sth) 비웃다, 조롱하다 [본문으로]
- take (sth) into ; …의 관계[상태]가 되게 하다(=bring into). ;; …에 넣다(=include) ;; …로 가져 가다. ;; to bring somebody/something into a particular situation, activity, period of time, etc. [본문으로]
- clinical practice ; 임상 실습 [본문으로]
- prove ; 2. BE | (…임이) 드러나다[판명되다] [본문으로]
- a handful of ; 소수의 [본문으로]
- try sth/sb out (on sb) ; (성능·효력 등을 알아보기 위해) ~을 (~에게) 테스트해[시험적으로 사용해] 보다 ;; [VERB] to test or put to experimental use [본문으로]
- consumer products ; 소비자 제품(소비재).최종소비자에 의해 구매되는 제품 [본문으로]
- formidable ; [형용사] 가공할, 어마어마한 [본문으로]
- barrier ; 2. ~ (to sth) (어떤 일에 대한) 장애물[장벽] [본문으로]
- technological ; 1. 과학[공업] 기술의[에 관한]; (과학) 기술(상)의. ;; 2. (경제) 기술상의, (생산 방법의) 기술적인 진보에 의한. (또는 technologic) [본문으로]
- non-invasive ; [형용사] 치료가 수술을 하지 않는, 비외과적인 [본문으로]
- electroencephalogram ; [명사] (의학) 뇌파도, 뇌전도 ;; 미국식 [ilèktrouenséfələɡræ̀m] [본문으로]
- high-resolution ; (전자) 고해상도의, 선명도가 뛰어난, <텔레비전이> 고화질[고품위]의 [본문으로]
- intervene ; 2. 중재하다; 간섭하다 [본문으로]
- membrane ; [C , U] 1. (인체 피부・조직의) 막 ;; 참고 mucous membrane [본문으로]
- industrial robot ; 산업용 로봇 [본문으로]
- for the time being ; 당분간, 당장(當場)에. [본문으로]
- drawback ; ~ (of/to sth) | ~ (of/to doing sth) 결점, 문제점 [본문으로]
- immune response ; [명사] (생물) 면역 반응 ;; [NOUN] the reaction of an organism's body to foreign materials (antigens), including the production of antibodies [본문으로]
- miniaturization ; (컴퓨터/통신) 소형화 ;; 보충설명 ; 어떤 물체를 그 능력과는 관계없이 물리적인 크기만을 작게 하는 것. [본문으로]
- be under way ; have started and be now progressing or taking place [본문으로]
- experiment with ; …을 실험하다. [본문으로]
- magnetism ; [U] 1. 자성(磁性), 자력 ;; 2. (특히 사람의 성격에서 다른 사람을 강하게 끄는) 매력 ;; 미국∙영국 [|mӕgnətɪzəm] [본문으로]
- ultrasound ; 1. [U] 초음파 ;; 2. [U , C] (인체에 대한) 초음파 검사 [본문으로]
- loom ; [v] 1. (특히 무섭게) 어렴풋이[흐릿하게] 보이다[나타나다] ;; 2. (중요하거나 위협적인 일이) 곧 닥칠 것처럼 보이다 [본문으로]
- be still a foreign country ; 흐름상 "연구되지 않은 미지의 영역이다, 연구해야할 요소가 많은 분야이다" 정도의 의미 [본문으로]
- when it comes to ; ~에 관한 한 ;; …라면, …에 대해서[관해서]라면 [본문으로]
- advance ; 2. DEVELOP | (지식・기술 등이) 증진되다[진전을 보다] [본문으로]
- complete ; 1. [주로 명사 앞에 씀] (강조의 의미로) 가능한 최대의, 완벽한 ;; 2. 필요한 모든 것이 갖춰진, 완전한 [본문으로]
- Nor is complete knowledge always needed ; Complete knowledge is not always needed [본문으로]
- get[see, have] the hang of sth ; ~을 할[쓸] 줄 알게 되다; ~을 이해하다 ;; 요령을 알다; …의 방법을 배우다; …의 구조를 알다 ;; (무엇에 대한) 감을 잡다, 의미를 파악하다 [본문으로]
- with ease ; 용이하게, 쉽게, 손쉽게 ;; 미국·영국 [i:z] [본문으로]
- like a hole in the head ; (emphatic) Not. ;; 참고 ; hole in the head ; 전혀 가망이 없는 것, 터무니 없는 것 ;; you need money like a hole in the head ; 넌 돈이 전혀 필요 없다 [본문으로]
- comprise ; 1. 포함하다; 의미하다; <전체가 부분으로> 이루어지다, 구성되다(consist of) [본문으로]
- commercialization ; [U] 상업[영리, 기업]화 [본문으로]
- expertise ; [U] ~ (in sth/in doing sth) 전문 지식[기술] [본문으로]
- approved ; [형용사] 인가된; 입증된, 정평 있는, 공인된 [본문으로]
- take off ; 3. 아이디어·상품 등이 급격히 인기를 얻다[유행하다] [본문으로]
- perform[fulfill] a function ; 기능을 다하다, 수행하다 [본문으로]
- clamour ; (英) (美 clamor) 1. ~ (for sth) (격식) (큰 소리로) 요구하다 [본문으로]
- craniotomy ; [명사] (pl. -mies) (외과) 개두(開頭)(술) ;; 미국식 [krèiniɑ́təmi] [본문으로]
- far-fetched ; [형용사] 믿기지 않는, 설득력 없는 [본문으로]
- treatment for ; …의 치료. [본문으로]
- deep brain stimulation ; [명사] (의학) 뇌심부 자극(뇌 수술이 아니라 전기적 쇼크로 몸을 떠는 증상을 막는 치료(법). [본문으로]
- elective surgery ; 대기 수술 ;; elective ; 3. <수술 등이> 긴급을 요하지 않는, 내키는 대로 정해지는 [본문으로]
- procedure ; 3. [C] (의학) 수술 [본문으로]
- arduous ; [형용사] 몹시 힘든, 고된 [본문으로]
- achievable ; [형용사] 성취할 수 있는; 달성할 수 있는. [본문으로]
- ingenuity ; [U] 기발한 재주, 재간, 독창성 ;; 미국식 [|ɪndƷə|nu:əti] 영국식 [|ɪndƷə|nju:əti] [본문으로]
- unwise ; [형용사] ~ (to do sth) 현명하지 못한, 어리석은 [본문으로]
- bet against ; …에 반대로 내기하다, …하지 않을 것이라고 내기하다 [본문으로]
- improved ; [형용사] 향상된, 개선된 [본문으로]
- open up ; 1. ~을[이] 가능하게 하다[가능해지다]; ~을[이] 이용할[~에 가 닿을] 수 있게 하다[되다] [본문으로]
- channel ; 3. FOR COMMUNICATING | [C] (chan・nels [pl.]) (의사소통) 경로[수단]; (물품) 유통 체계[수단] [본문으로]
- hold out ; (가능성·희망을) 보이다[드러내다] [본문으로]
- unambiguous ; [형용사] (뜻이) 모호하지 않은[분명한/확실한] [본문으로]
- use ; 2. [C , U] 용도, 쓰임새 ;; 참고 ; single-use [본문으로]
- augmentation ; [U] 1. 증대, 증가, 확대. ;; 2. 증가율. [본문으로]
- a host of ; 다수의, 많은 [본문으로]
- arise ; (arose / ə'rəUz ; 美 ə'roUz / , arisen / ə'rIzn /), [v] 1. (비교적 격식) (특히 문제나 곤란한 상황이) 생기다, 발생하다 ;; 2. ~ (out of/from sth) (비교적 격식) (무엇의 결과로) 유발되다 [본문으로]
- refuge ; 3. 의지가 되는 사람[것], 의지, 위안자[물] [본문으로]
- inner voice ; 마음의 목소리, 양심의 소리(=conscience) [본문으로]
- self-perpetuating ; [형용사] 저절로 계속되는, 자생력있는 [본문으로]
- ethicist ; [명사] 윤리학자, 도학자, 도덕가 ;; 미국·영국 [éθəsist] [본문으로]
- grapple with ; ~을 해결하려고 노력하다 ;; to try to deal with a difficult situation or solve a difficult problem [본문으로]
- agency ; 4. [U] (어떤 결과를 가져오는) 작용, 힘(force); [철학] 작인(作因) ;; 행위(action)를 할 수 있는 능력을 가진 행위자를 동작의 주체, 동인(agent)이라고 한다면, 이러한 행위의 발현을 작인(agency)이라고 할 수 있다. 동인이 의도성을 가진 행위에 주목하고 있다면, 작인은 이 동인의 의도성이 어떠한 정신적 상태 혹은 사건들에 의해 인과적으로 설명될 수 있는지에 주목한다. [본문으로]
- pure ; 3. COMPLETE | [명사 앞에만 씀] 완전한, 순전한 [본문으로]
- frontier ; 3. (frontiers) (학문·지식 따위의) 미개척 분야, 새 영역, 최첨단 분야[of]. [본문으로]
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