[Annotated] What the world can learn from Australia

It is perhaps the most successful rich economy

What is the biggest problem facing America? Or Japan? Or Britain? Or France? Opinions vary^[각주:1], naturally, but some worries crop up again and again^[각주:2]. Those of a materialist^[각주:3] bent^[각주:4] point to decades of slow growth in^[각주:5] median incomes^[각주:6], which has bred disillusion^[각주:7] and anger among^[각주:8] working people^[각주:9]. Fiscal hawks^[각주:10] decry^[각주:11] huge public debts^[각주:12], destined to grow even vaster as^[각주:13] ageing populations^[각주:14] rack up ever bigger bills for^[각주:15] health care and pensions. Then there is immigration, which has prompted^[각주:16] a furious populist backlash in^[각주:17] the United States and all over Europe. That hints at what^[각주:18], for many, is the most alarming trend of all^[각주:19]: the lack of any semblance of^[각주:20] a political consensus about^[각주:21] how to handle these swelling crises^[각주:22]. 

Rising incomes, low public debt, an affordable welfare state, popular support for mass immigration and a broad consensus on the policies^[각주:23] underpinning these things^[각주:24] - that is a distant dream in most rich countries. Many Western politicians could scarcely imagine a place that combined them all. Happily^[각주:25], they do not have to, because such a country already exists: Australia. 

Perhaps because it is far away from everywhere, or has only 25m inhabitants, or is seen mainly as a habitat for^[각주:26] cuddly^[각주:27] marsupials^[각주:28], it attracts relatively little attention. But its economy is arguably the most successful in^[각주:29] the rich world. It has been growing for 27 years without a recession^[각주:30] - a record for a developed country. Its cumulative growth over that period is^[각주:31] almost three times what Germany has managed. The median income has risen four times faster than in America. Public debt, at 41% of GDP, is less than half Britain's. 

Luck has had a hand in^[각주:32] these feats^[각주:33], to be sure^[각주:34]. Australia is blessed with lots of iron ore^[각주:35] and natural gas, and is relatively close to China, which hoovers up such things^[각주:36]. But sound policymaking has helped^[각주:37], too. After the last recession, in 1991, the government of the day reformed the health-care and pensions systems, requiring the middle class to pay more of its own way. The result is that Australia's government spends just half the OECD average on pensions as a share of GDP - and the gap will only widen^[각주:38] in the years ahead^[각주:39]. 

Even more remarkable is Australia's enthusiasm for immigration^[각주:40]. Some 29% of its inhabitants were born in another country - twice the proportion in the United States. Half of Australians are^[각주:41] either immigrants themselves or children of immigrants. And the biggest source of immigrants is Asia, which is fast changing^[각주:42] the country's racial mix^[각주:43]. Compare that with America or Britain or Italy^[각주:44], where far smaller inflows^[각주:45] have generated hostility among^[각주:46] a big portion of the electorate^[각주:47] - or Japan, where allowing foreigners to settle in any numbers is a political taboo. In Australia both main parties argue that admitting lots of skilled migrants is essential to the health of the economy^[각주:48]. 

These achievements are not without their flaws^[각주:49]. The private investment funds through which Australians are obliged to save for their retirement^[각주:50] have been charging excessive fees^[각주:51], leaving pensioners poorer than^[각주:52] they should be. And as welcoming as^[각주:53] Australia is to immigrants arriving through normal channels, it treats those who try to come by boat without the proper paperwork with^[각주:54] unnecessary severity^[각주:55], packing them off to remote islands in^[각주:56] the Pacific where even legitimate refugees^[각주:57] have been left to rot^[각주:58] for years^[각주:59]. 

Moreover^[각주:60], there are reforms that Australia should be undertaking^[각주:61] and is not. Aboriginal Australians^[각주:62] suffer from enormous disadvantages, which a succession of governments^[각주:63] has barely dented^[각주:64]. Global warming is clearly causing grave damage^[각주:65] - droughts have become more frequent and more severe, among other dismal consequences^[각주:66] - yet Australia has done almost nothing to curb^[각주:67] its emissions of greenhouse gases^[각주:68]. 

Nonetheless^[각주:69], Australia's example shows that reforms considered impossible elsewhere are perfectly achievable^[각주:70]. Democrats in America assail^[각주:71] most proposals to^[각주:72] restrain the rising costs of^[각주:73] public pensions or health care as tantamount to throwing grannies off a cliff^[각주:74]; in Australia it was the left that pioneered such policies^[각주:75]. The Labor Party sold obligatory^[각주:76] private pensions to unions as an increase in benefits, since it is technically employers who are required to make regular payments into^[각주:77] investment funds on^[각주:78] their workers' behalf^[각주:79]. The party also made sure to retain a basic public pension^[각주:80], which is paid only to those who have not managed to build up adequate^[각주:81] personal savings^[각주:82]. 

By the same token^[각주:83], it is quite possible to maintain popular support for^[각주:84] mass immigration, even from culturally dissimilar places^[각주:85]. But it is essential to give voters the sense that their borders are properly policed^[각주:86] and that there is no free-for-all^[각주:87]. Again, bipartisanship is^[각주:88] important. It was a right-wing government that first allowed immigration from Asia on a big scale^[각주:89], admitting lots of refugees from Vietnam in the 1970s.

Australia's political system rewards^[각주:90] centrism^[각주:91]. All eligible citizens^[각주:92] must vote, by law^[각주:93], and those who might not bother to turn out otherwise tend to plump for mainstream parties^[각주:94]. There is no need to rally supporters to the polls^[각주:95] by pandering to their prejudices^[각주:96]. Since everyone has to show up, politicians focus instead on winning over^[각주:97] the wavering middle^[각주:98]. The system of preferential voting^[각주:99], whereby^[각주:100] Australians rank candidates in order of choice, rather than picking just one, also exerts^[각주:101] a moderating influence^[각주:102]. 

Killing the goose^[각주:103]

The irony is that, just as benefits of this set-up^[각주:104] are becoming so obvious, Australians appear to be growing disenchanted with it^[각주:105]. Voters express growing doubts about the effectiveness of government^[각주:106]. It has not cost the two main parties many seats, thanks to the electoral system^[각주:107], but their vote-share^[각주:108] has fallen by 20 percentage points since the 1980s. Politicians, conscious of^[각주:109] voters' disgruntlement^[각주:110], have also become increasingly febrile^[각주:111]. They are constantly turfing out prime ministers^[각주:112], in the hope that a new face will boost their party's standing with the electorate^[각주:113]. Some in the ruling Liberal Party, although not the current prime minister, have begun to call for a reduction in^[각주:114] immigration, undermining decades of consensus^[각주:115]. Ambitious reforms have become rare. The rest of the world could learn a lot from Australia - and Australians could do with a refresher course^[각주:116], too. 

1. vary ; 2. [자동사][V] ~ (with sth) | ~ (from sth to sth) | ~ (between A and B) (상황에 따라) 달라지다[다르다] ;; [VERB] If things vary, they are different from each other in size, amount, or degree. [본문으로]
2. crop up ; 불쑥 나타나다[발생하다] ; 유의어 come up ;; to appear, happen, etc. when it is not expected ;; to occur or appear, esp unexpectedly [본문으로]
3. materialist ; [명사] 유물론자, 물질(만능)주의자 ;; [형용사] 유물론(자)의 (materialistic) ;; [ADJ] Materialist is used to describe things relating to the philosophy of materialism. [본문으로]
4. bent ; [주로 단수로] ~ (for sth) 소질; 취향 ;; [NOUN] [with supp, oft N for n] If you have a bent for something, you have a natural ability to do it or a natural interest in it. [본문으로]
5. point to ; 1. (이유로) ~을 들먹이다 ;; 2. ~을 시사하다[나타내다] ;; 1.to mention something that you think is important and/or the reason why a particular situation exists ;; 2.if a fact, event or situation points to something, it suggests that this is true or likely to happen [본문으로]
6. median income ; [명사] 중간 소득 [본문으로]
7. disillusion ; [U, C] 미몽에서 깨어나기[깨어나게 하기], 각성; 환멸(감). ;; disillusionment [본문으로]
8. breed ; 3. [타동사][VN] …을 야기하다[불러오다] [본문으로]
9. working people ; 노동자 [본문으로]
10. fiscal hawk and fiscal dove ; The fiscal dove is the interventionist: He or she argues that we should pump money aggressively into the system, borrow as much as we can, and spend our way to recovery. The fiscal hawk, on the other hand, is much more reticent. He or she argues against intervention: Cut spending! Borrow less! Reduce the deficit! [본문으로]
11. decry ; [타동사] (-cried) 1. 비난하다, 헐뜯다 ;; 2. (경제) <통화 등의> 가치를 떨어뜨리다 [본문으로]
12. public debts ; (세무) 공채(公債) ; 유의어 public bonds [본문으로]
13. vast ; (vast-vaster-vastest) (범위·크기·양 등이) 어마어마한[방대한/막대한] ; 유의어 huge [본문으로]
14. ageing[aging] population ; [명사] 노령인구, 노인인구(일반적으로 60세 이상인 사람) [본문으로]
15. rack up sth ; (사업상의 수익·손실을) 보다[얻다], (시합에서 점수를) 쌓아올리다 ;; to get or collect a large amount or quantity of something, such as profits or losses in a business or points in a competition [본문으로]
16. prompt ; 1. (사람에게 어떤 결정을 내리도록어떤 일이 일어나도록) 하다[촉발하다] ; 유의어 provoke [본문으로]
17. backlash ; [sing.] ~ (against sth) | ~ (from sb) (사회 변화 등에 대한 대중의) 반발 ;; [NOUN] A backlash against a tendency or recent development in society or politics, is a sudden, strong reaction against it. [본문으로]
18. hint at sth ; …을 암시하다. ;; to suggest in an indirect way that something is true or likely [본문으로]
19. alarming ; [형용사] 걱정스러운, 두려운 ;; [ADJ] Something that is alarming makes you feel afraid or anxious that something unpleasant or dangerous might happen. [본문으로]
20. semblance ; [sing., U] ~ of sth (격식) 외관, 겉모습 ;; [NOUN] If there is a semblance of a particular condition or quality, it appears to exist, even though this may be a false impression. [본문으로]
21. political consensus ; (사회학) 정치적 합의 ;; 정치체계에서 정치게임의 규칙에 대한 광범위한 합의, 즉 정치체계의 지속에 반대하는 정당이 없는 것을 말한다. 또한 특정한 정책 이슈에 대한 정당들간의 합의를 말한다. 이것에 대한 사례로서, 전후 영국에서 복지국가의 기본적 원칙에 관한 동의와 1979년 대처 정부의 선거에서 끝이 난 완전고용정책 등을 들 수 있다. [본문으로]
22. swelling ; [형용사] 1. 부은, 부어오른, 돌출한. ;; 2. (땅이) 기복하는, 고저가 있는, 융기한. ;; 3. (말이) 과장된 ; 허풍 떠는(bombastic). [본문으로]
23. (a) consensus on ; …에 관한 합의. [본문으로]
24. underpin ; (-nn-) [VN] 1. [타동사] (격식) (주장 등을[의]) 뒷받침하다[근거를 대다] ;; [VERB] If one thing underpins another, it helps the other thing to continue or succeed by supporting and strengthening it. [본문으로]
25. happily ; 2. 다행히, 운 좋게도 ; 유의어 fortunately [본문으로]
26. habitat ; [C, U] 서식지 ;; [NOUN] The habitat of an animal or plant is the natural environment in which it normally lives or grows. [본문으로]
27. cuddly ; [형용사] (비격식) 1. (호감) (사람이 사랑스러워) 꼭 껴안고 싶은 [본문으로]
28. marsupial ; [명사] 유대목 동물(캥거루·코알라처럼 육아낭에 새끼를 넣어 가지고 다니는 동물) ;; 미국식 [mɑːrˈs-] 영국식 [mɑːˈsuːpiəl] [본문으로]
29. arguably ; [부사] (충분한 근거를 갖고) 주장하건대, 거의 틀림없이(흔히 비교급이나 최상급 형용사 앞에 나옴) ;; [ADV] You can use arguably when you are stating your opinion or belief, as a way of giving more authority to it. [본문으로]
30. recession ; [명사] 경기 후퇴, 불경기, 불황 ;; [NOUN] A recession is a period when the economy of a country is doing badly, for example because industry is producing less and more people are becoming unemployed. [본문으로]
31. cumulative ; [형용사] 1. 누적되는, 점증적인, 쌓이는. ;; 2. 〈경제·통계〉 누증적인, 누적적인; 〈법률〉 누적된, 반복된, 가중의 [본문으로]
32. have (got) a hand in ; (구어) …에 관여[참가]하다 [본문으로]
33. feat ; [명사] (호감) 위업, 개가; (뛰어난) 솜씨[재주] ;; 미국∙영국 [fiːt] [본문으로]
34. to be sure ; (그것은) 틀림없다[분명하다] ;; used to admit that something is true [본문으로]
35. iron ore ; 철광석 ;; 미국∙영국 [ɔː(r)] [본문으로]
36. hoover (sth) up ; 2. (많은 양을) 독차지[독식]하다 ;; 2.get or collect something in large quantities [본문으로]
37. policymaking ; [명사] (정부 따위의) 정책 입안. [본문으로]
38. widen ; [자, 타동사] 넓히다, 넓어지다 [본문으로]
39. in the years ahead ; 향후 몇년간, 앞으로 몇년간 [본문으로]
40. enthusiasm for ; …에 대한 열의. [본문으로]
41. "half of 복수명사" 는 복수로 받는 것을 확인 [본문으로]
42. 부사 fast의 위치 확인 [본문으로]
43. mix ; 1. [C, 주로 단수로] (사람사물의) 혼합체[섞인 것] ; 유의어 blend [본문으로]
44. or을 연달아 활용한 것을 확인 [본문으로]
45. inflow ; 1. [C, U] (많은 돈·사람·물건의) 유입 ; 유의어 influx [본문으로]
46. hostility ; 1. [U] ~ (to/towards sb/sth) 적의, 적대감, 적개심 ;; 2. [U] ~ (to/towards sth) (생각·계획 등에 대한) 강한 반대[반감] ;; [NOUN] [oft N to/towards n] Hostility is unfriendly or aggressive behaviour towards people or ideas. [본문으로]
47. electorate ; 1. [the ~; 집합적] 선거민 (전체), 유권자 (전원) ;; [NOUN] The electorate of a country or area is all the people in it who have the right to vote in an election. [본문으로]
48. essential ; 1. ~ (to/for sth) | ~ (to do sth) | ~ (that…) 필수적인; 극히 중요한 ; 유의어 vital ; 반의어 dispensable ;; 참조 inessential, non-essential [본문으로]
49. flaw ; 2. (성격의) 결점, 약점, 결함(fault) ;; 3. (법률 절차·문서 등의) 불비한 점, 결함 ((in)) [본문으로]
50. be obliged[compelled, forced] to ;; 하는 수 없이 …하다, 마지못해 ~하다 [본문으로]
51. excessive ; [형용사] 지나친, 과도한 ;; [ADJ] If you describe the amount or level of something as excessive, you disapprove of it because it is more or higher than is necessary or reasonable. [본문으로]
52. pensioner ; [명사] (특히 英) (특히 정부에서 지급하는) 연금 수급자[수령자] ; 참조 OAP, senior citizen [본문으로]
53. welcoming ; 1. (사람이) (방문객에게) 따뜻한, 따뜻이[반갑게] 맞이하는 ;; 2. (장소가) 마음을 끄는, 안락해 보이는 ;; 반의어 unwelcoming [본문으로]
54. paperwork ; [[U]] 서류 사무, 문서 업무 ;; [NOUN] Paperwork is the routine part of a job which involves writing or dealing with letters, reports, and records. [본문으로]
55. severity ; [U] 1. 엄격, 엄함; 가혹; (기후의) 격렬, 혹심; 중대성. [본문으로]
56. pack sb off (to...) ;; [비격식] (특히 귀찮은 존재를) (…로) 보내다 ;; to send somebody away, especially because you do not want them with you [본문으로]
57. legitimate ; [형용사] 2. 합법적인, 적법한 ; 유의어 legal ; 반의어 illegitimate [본문으로]
58. rot ; [자동사] (-tt-) 1. 썩다, 부패하다, 상하다; 못쓰게 되다, 썩어[삭아] 없어지다; 붕괴하다, 부서지다(away, off, out). ; 유의어 DECAY ;; 4. 수척[쇠약]해지다. ;; [VERB] When food, wood, or another substance rots, or when something rots it, it becomes softer and is gradually destroyed. [본문으로]
59. for years ; 수년간, 몇 해 동안 [본문으로]
60. moreover ; [부사] [부사] (격식) 게다가, 더욱이 ; 유의어 in addition [본문으로]
61. undertake ; (-took[-túk]; -tak·en[-téikən]) [타동사] 1. <일·책임 등을> 맡다, 떠맡다, 책임 맡다 ;; 2. 착수하다, 시작하다; 기도하다 ;; [VERB] When you undertake a task or job, you start doing it and accept responsibility for it. [본문으로]
62. aboriginal ; 1. 보통 Aboriginal 오스트레일리아 원주민의 ;; [NOUN] An Aboriginal is an Australian Aborigine. [본문으로]
63. succession ; 1. [C, 주로 단수로] 연속, 잇따름 ; 유의어 series [본문으로]
64. dent ; [자, 타동사] 옴폭 들어가(게 하)다; 손상시키다, 약화시키다 ;; [VERB] If you dent the surface of something, you make a hollow area in it by hitting or pressing it. [본문으로]
65. grave ; [형용사] (graver, gravest) (격식) 1. (상황감정 등이) 심각한 ;; 2. (사람이 무슨 중대한 문제가 생긴 듯) 심각한 ; 참조 gravity [본문으로]
66. dismal ; 1. 음침한, 음산한; <기분 등이> 우울한, 침울한 ((gloomy보다 딱딱한 말)) ;; 2. <경치 등이> 쓸쓸한, 황량한; <장소 등이> 무시무시한, 기분 나쁜 ;; 3. 비참한, 참담한 [본문으로]
67. curb ; [타동사][VN] (특히 좋지 못한 것을) 억제[제한]하다 ; 유의어 check [본문으로]
68. greenhouse gas ; 온실 효과 가스(탄산가스, 메탄, 오존, 불화탄소 등 온실 효과를 일으키는 가스). ;; [NOUN] Greenhouse gases are the gases which are responsible for causing the greenhouse effect. The main greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide. [본문으로]
69. nonetheless ; [부사] (격식) 그렇기는 하지만, 그렇더라도 ; 유의어 nevertheless [본문으로]
70. achievable ; [형용사] 성취할 수 있는; 달성할 수 있는. ;; [ADJ] If you say that something you are trying to do is achievable, you mean that it is possible for you to succeed in doing it. [본문으로]
71. assail ; [문어] 1. <사람·물건·장소 등을> (무력으로) 맹렬히 공격하다, 맹공하다, 습격하다(attack); <남을 질문·비난 등으로> 공격하다, 공박하다, 몰아세우다, 비난하다 ((with, by)) ;; 2. <일·난국 등에> 과감히 부딪치다[맞서다] ;; 3. <의혹·공포 등이 사람·마음을> 엄습하다, 괴롭히다 ;; [VERB] If someone assails you, they criticize you strongly. ;; 미국∙영국 [əˈseɪl] [본문으로]
72. proposal ; 1. [UC][+前 +doing]신청, 청구; 제의, 건의, 제기; 계획, 안(案), 기도, 시도 ;; [NOUN] [oft N for n, N to-inf] A proposal is a plan or an idea, often a formal or written one, which is suggested for people to think about and decide upon. [본문으로]
73. restrain ; 1. 제지하다, 방지하다, 못 하게 하다(check, prevent)(from). ;; 2. 견제하다, 억제하다, 속박하다(hold in check, keep under), 제한하다, 억누르다(repress). [본문으로]
74. tantamount ; [형용사] ~ to sth (격식) (나쁜 효과가) ~와 마찬가지의[~에 상당하는] ;; [ADJ] If you say that one thing is tantamount to a second, more serious thing, you are emphasizing how bad, unacceptable, or unfortunate the first thing is by comparing it to the second. [본문으로]
75. pioneer ; 1. 개척하다, (길을) 내다(open up). ;; 2. (새 분야를) 개척하다, …의 개척[솔선]자가 되다 ; 제창하다 ; 지도하다(guide). [본문으로]
76. obligatory ; 1. 의무로서 지워지는, 의무적인; <과목 등이> 필수의, 강제적인 ((on, upon)) ;; 2. (도덕·법률상으로) 구속력이 있는, 지켜야 할 의무가 있는 ;; 3. <증서 등이> 권리·의무를 나타내는 ;; [ADJ] If something is obligatory, you must do it because of a rule or a law. [본문으로]
77. regular payment ; a payment made at regular times [본문으로]
78. investment fund ; 투자 준비금, 투자 기금 [본문으로]
79. on one's behalf ; ~을 대신하여 [본문으로]
80. retain ; [VN] (비교적 격식) 1. [타동사] (계속) 유지[보유]하다 ; 유의어 preserve [본문으로]
81. adequate ; [형용사] ~ (for sth) | ~ (to do sth) (특정한 목적이나 필요에) 충분한[적절한] ; 반의어 inadequate ;; [ADJ] If something is adequate, there is enough of it or it is good enough to be used or accepted. [본문으로]
82. build up ; to become greater, stronger or larger in number [본문으로]
83. by the same token ; 이것으로 보면, 게다가, 같은 이유로(=for a similar reason) ;; by this token [본문으로]
84. popular support ; 대중의 지지 [본문으로]
85. dissimilar ; [형용사] ~ (from/to sb/sth) 같지 않은, 다른 ; 반의어 similar ;; [ADJ] If one thing is dissimilar to another, or if two things are dissimilar, they are very different from each other. [본문으로]
86. police ; [VN] 1. [타동사] (경찰군대 등이) 치안을 유지하다 ;; [VERB] If the police or military forces police an area or event, they make sure that law and order is preserved in that area or at that event. [본문으로]
87. free-for-all ; [sing.] 1. (모두가 자기 이익만을 위해서 싸우는) 무질서[혼란] 상태, 무한 경쟁 ;; 2. 난투극 ;; [NOUN] A free-for-all is a situation in which several people or groups are trying to get something for themselves and there are no controls on how they do it. [본문으로]
88. bipartisanship ; [명사] 양당주의, 초당파주의 [본문으로]
89. on a big scale ; 대규모의, 더 큰 관점에서, 대짜배기로 [본문으로]
90. reward ; [타동사][VN] [흔히 수동태로] ~ sb (for sth/for doing sth) 보상[보답/사례]하다 ;; [VERB] If you do something and are rewarded with a particular benefit, you receive that benefit as a result of doing that thing. [본문으로]
91. centrism ; [때로 C-] 중도[온건]주의, 중도 정치. [본문으로]
92. eligible ; 적격의, 적임의; [법] 자격이 있는 ((for)); 바람직한(desirable), 적합한(suitable); 결혼 상대로서 알맞은[바람직한] ;; [ADJ] [usu v-link ADJ, usu ADJ for n, ADJ to-inf] Someone who is eligible to do something is qualified or able to do it, for example because they are old enough. [본문으로]
93. by[under] law ; 법률적으로, 법에 의해 [본문으로]
94. plump for sb/sth ; [비격식] (많은 사람·사물들 중에서, 특히 신중히 생각한 후) ~을 선택하다 ;; …에게 표를 던지다(=support). ;; to choose or vote for somebody/something after thinking about it carefully [본문으로]
95. rally ; (rallies, rallying, rallied, rallied) 1. ~ (sb/sth) (around/behind/to sb/sth) (원조지지를 위해) 결집[단결]하다[시키다] [본문으로]
96. pander to ; ~에 영합하다, ~을 이용하다 ;; to try to please somebody by doing or providing what they want although you know it is probably wrong to do so [본문으로]
97. win over ; 설득하다, 자기편으로 끌어들이다 [본문으로]
98. wavering ; 동요하는, 흔들리는; 갈팡질팡하는, 주저하는. [본문으로]
99. preferential voting ; 선택 투표(제), 순위 지정 연기 투표 [본문으로]
100. whereby ; 2. [관계부사] a). [제한용법] 그로써 …하는(by which). [본문으로]
101. exert ; 1. [타동사] (권력·영향력을) 가하다[행사하다] ;; [VERB] If someone or something exerts influence, authority, or pressure, they use it in a strong or determined way, especially in order to produce a particular effect. [본문으로]
102. moderating influence ; 완화된, 적당한 영향 [본문으로]
103. kill the goose that lays the golden egg/eggs ;; 황금 알을 낳는 거위를 죽여 버리다(재산·성공 등을 가져다 줄 기회를 없애 버리다는 뜻) [본문으로]
104. set-up ; [주로 단수로](비격식) 1. 구성 (방식); 체제 ;; [본문으로]
105. disenchanted ; [형용사] ~ (with sb/sth) 환멸을 느낀, 환상이 깨진 ; 유의어 disillusioned ;; [ADJ] If you are disenchanted with something, you are disappointed with it and no longer believe that it is good or worthwhile. [본문으로]
106. effectiveness ; [U] 유효(성), 효과적임 [본문으로]
107. electoral system ; [명사] 선거 제도 [본문으로]
108. vote-share ; the percentage of total votes a party/alliance has secured in an election. Vote-share is different from seats and the two figures can be confusing. For example, the Bahujan Samaj Party of Mayawati finished third after the BJP and Congress in terms of vote share (4.1%) in the 2014 general election. It also finished third in UP with over 19 per cent vote-share after the BJP and the Samajwadi Party. But yet, it couldn't win a single seat. [본문으로]
109. conscious ; 1. [명사 앞에는 안 씀] ~ of (doing) sth | ~ that 의식하는, 자각하는 ; 반의어 unconscious ; 참조 self-conscious [본문으로]
110. disgruntlement ; 불만 [본문으로]
111. febrile ; 1. (격식) 열성적인, 과열된 ;; 미국∙영국 [ˈfiːbraɪl] [본문으로]
112. turf (sb) out (of sth) ; 쫓아내다 ; 유의어 throw out [본문으로]
113. standing with ; …사이에서의 위치, 지위. [본문으로]
114. call for ; 필요로 하다, 찾다, 촉구하다 [본문으로]
115. undermine ; 1. [타동사] (특히 자신감·권위 등을) 약화시키다 ;; 2. [타동사] 기반을 약화시키다 [본문으로]
116. refresher course ; [명사] 단기 재교육[연수] ;; (새로운 지식이나 기술의 보충·강화를 위한) 재교육 과정.;; 보습 과정 [본문으로]