[Annotated] Why the world has so many Guineas

From Canada to Oceania, Guineas are in abundant supply^[각주:1]

Guinea^[각주:2]. Equatorial Guinea^[각주:3]. Guinea-Bissau^[각주:4]. Papua New Guinea^[각주:5]. The Gulf of Guinea^[각주:6]. Guinea, Virginia^[각주:7]. Guinea, Nova Scotia^[각주:8]. The world has more Guineas than a pirate's treasure chest^[각주:9]. What explains the prevalence of^[각주:10] the name?

Etymologists^[각주:11] dispute^[각주:12] the earliest origins of the word "Guinea". Some trace it to a word in^[각주:13] Tuareg, a Berber language, for black people: aginaw. Others think it originally^[각주:14] referred to Djenné, a trading city in^[각주:15] modern-day^[각주:16] Mali. In the 15th century, Portuguese sailors used "Guiné" to describe an area near what is today Senegal, and by the 18th century, Europeans used "Guinea" to refer to much of the West African coastline^[각주:17]. As colonizers^[각주:18] carved up the continent^[각주:19], many European nations controlled their own Guinea. At independence^[각주:20], French Guinea became Guinea, Spanish Guinea became Equatorial Guinea, and Portuguese Guinea became Guinea-Bissau. The region was a major source of gold, hence^[각주:21] the name "guinea" for the British gold coin. 

In 1545, on the other side of the world, Yñigo Ortiz de Retez landed on an island north of Australia. Struck by^[각주:22] the resemblance between^[각주:23] its inhabitants^[각주:24] and people from west Africa, the Spanish explorer named the island "New Guinea". The word "papua" probably comes from the Malay papuwah, meaning "frizzled^[각주:25]", perhaps a reference to^[각주:26] the islanders' hair.

In addition to the various places, there are also animals: the guinea pig, most famously, and the guinea fowl^[각주:27]. The guinea pig comes not from any of the Guineas in Africa, but from South America. Muddled^[각주:28] Europeans may have confused Guinea with Guyana, today South America's only English-speaking country. Guyana has nothing to do with Guinea: its name probably comes from a native word meaning "land of many waters". Some scholars, however, propose an alternative etymology for^[각주:29] the guinea pig: the rodents^[각주:30] were brought to Britain on "Guinea-men", trading ships that shuttled between^[각주:31] Britain, South America and Guinea. The guinea fowl, for its part, did come from West Africa. But it, too, has a complicated history. The birds were originally introduced to Britain via^[각주:32] the Ottoman empire and so were called "turkeys". Later, early English colonists in America confused the native birds there with the African fowl, and called them "turkey" too. (In fact, they are a larger and entirely separate species^[각주:33].) All in all^[각주:34], a linguistic^[각주:35] mess^[각주:36]. 

1. abundant supply ; [명사] (상품 등의) 풍부한 공급, 윤택한 공급, 충분한 공급 [본문으로]
2. Guinea ; [명사] 기니 (아프리카 서부 해안 지방; 그 지역의 공화국; 수도 Conakry) [본문으로]
3. Equatorial Guinea ; 적도 기니 ((적도 아프리카 서쪽 끝의 공화국; 수도 Malabo[mɑːlɑ́ːbou])) [본문으로]
4. Guinea-Bissau ; [명사] 기니비사우 ((서아프리카의 공화국; 구 Portuguese Guinea; 수도 Bissau)) ;; US·UK [ɡínibisáu] [본문으로]
5. Papua New Guinea ; 파푸아뉴기니 ((뉴기니 동반부를 차지하는 독립국; 수도 Port Moresby)) [본문으로]
6. the Gulf of Guinea ; 기니 만 [본문으로]
7. Guinea, Virginia ; Guinea is an unincorporated community in Caroline County, Virginia, United States. [본문으로]
8. Guinea, Nova Scotia ; Guinea is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in Annapolis County. [본문으로]
9. treasure chest ; 보물 상자 [본문으로]
10. prevalence ; [명사] [U] 널리 퍼짐, 유행, 보급; [드물게] = PREDOMINANCE [본문으로]
11. etymologist ; [명사] 어원학자, 어원 연구가 ;; US [ètəmɑ́lədƷist] UK [-mɔ́l-] [본문으로]
12. dispute ; 2. (특히 소유권을 두고) 분쟁[논란]을 벌이다 [본문으로]
13. trace ; 2. ~ sth (back) (to sth) (기원・원인을) 추적하다[(추적하여) 밝혀내다] [본문으로]
14. originally ; [부사] 원래, 본래 [본문으로]
15. trading ; [U] (상)거래, 영업 [본문으로]
16. modern-day ; [명사 앞에만 씀] 1. 현대의, 현재의 [본문으로]
17. coastline ; [명사] (특히 해안선이나 지형을 중심으로 본) 해안 지대 [본문으로]
18. colonizer ; 1. 식민지 개척자 2. (미) 이주해 온 유권자 3. (동물) 이주종(種) [본문으로]
19. carve up ; (회사·토지 등을) 분할하다 [본문으로]
20. independence ; 2. 독립(한 때) [본문으로]
21. hence ; [부사] (격식) 이런 이유로 [본문으로]
22. be struck by[on,with] ; ~에 감명받다[끌리다]; ~을 대단히 좋아하다 [본문으로]
23. resemblance ; [C , U] ~ (to sb/sth) | ~ (between A and B) 닮음, 비슷함, 유사함 [본문으로]
24. inhabitant ; [C , U] ~ (to sb/sth) | ~ (between A and B) 닮음, 비슷함, 유사함 [본문으로]
25. frizzle ; [타동사][VN] 곱슬곱슬하게 만들다; 꼬불꼬불하게 굽다 [본문으로]
26. (a) reference to ; …에의 언급, …에 대해 말함. [본문으로]
27. guinea fowl ; (조류) 뿔닭 ((서아프리카산(産))) [본문으로]
28. muddled ; [형용사] (특히 英) 혼란스러워 하는, 갈피를 못 잡는 [본문으로]
29. propose ; 5. SUGGEST EXPLANATION | [타동사][VN] (격식) (사람들이 고려해 보도록 가능한 설명 등을) 제시하다 [본문으로]
30. rodent ; [명사] 설치류(쥐・토끼처럼 앞니가 날카로운 동물) ;; US [|roʊdnt] UK [|rəʊdnt] [본문으로]
31. shuttle between ; …의 사이를 왕복하다. [본문으로]
32. via ; [전치사] 1. (어떤 장소를) 경유하여[거쳐] [본문으로]
33. separate ; 2. [주로 명사 앞에 씀] 서로 다른, 별개의, 관련 없는 [본문으로]
34. all in all ; 대체로 [본문으로]
35. linguistic ; [형용사] 언어(학)의 [본문으로]
36. mess ; 2. DIFFICULT SITUATION | [C] [주로 단수로] (많은 문제로) 엉망인 상황 [본문으로]