[Annotated] Equipping people to stay ahead of technological change

It is easy to say that people need to keep learning throughout their careers. The practicalities^[각주:1] are daunting^[각주:2]. 

When education fails to keep pace with^[각주:3] technology, the result is inequality^[각주:4]. Without the skills to stay useful as innovations arrive, workers suffer - and if enough of them fall behind^[각주:5], society starts to fall apart. That fundamental insight^[각주:6] seized ^[각주:7]reformers in the Industrial Revolution^[각주:8], heralding^[각주:9] state-funded^[각주:10] universal^[각주:11] schooling. Later, automation^[각주:12] in factories and offices called forth^[각주:13] a surge in^[각주:14] college graduates. The combination of education and innovation, spread over decades, led to a remarkable flowering^[각주:15] of prosperity. 

Today robotics^[각주:16] and artificial intelligence call for^[각주:17] another education revolution. This time, however, working lives^[각주:18] are so lengthy and so fast-changing that simply cramming ^[각주:19]more schooling in at the start is not enough. People must also be able to acquire new skills throughout their careers.

Unfortunately, as our special report^[각주:20] in this issue sets out^[각주:21], the lifelong learning^[각주:22] that exists today mainly benefits high achievers^[각주:23] - and is therefore more likely to exacerbate^[각주:24] inequality than diminish it. If 21st-century economies are not to create a massive underclass^[각주:25], policymakers^[각주:26] urgently need to work out how to help all their citizens learn while they earn. So far, their ambition has fallen pitifully^[각주:27] short.

Machines or learning 

The classic^[각주:28] model of education - a burst at the start and top-ups through company training - is breaking down. One reason is the need for new, and constantly updated, skills. Manufacturing increasingly calls for brain work rather than metal-bashing^[각주:29]. The share of the American workforce employed in routine office jobs declined from 25.5% to 21% between 1996 and 2015. The single, stable career has gone the way of^[각주:30] the Rolodex. 

Pushing people into ever-higher levels of formal education^[각주:31] at the start of their lives is not the way to cope^[각주:32]. Just 16% of Americans think that a four-year college degree prepares students very well for a good job. Although a vocational education^[각주:33] promises that vital first hire, those with specialized training tend to withdraw^[각주:34] from the labor force earlier than those with general education - perhaps because they are less adaptable^[각주:35]. 

At the same time on-the-job training^[각주:36] is shrinking. In America and Britain it has fallen by roughly half in the past two decades. Self-employment^[각주:37] is spreading, leaving more people to take responsibility for their own skills. Taking time out^[각주:38] later in life to pursue a formal qualification^[각주:39] is an option, but it costs money and most colleges are geared towards^[각주:40] youngster.

The market is innovating^[각주:41] to enable workers to learn and earn in new ways. Providers from General Assembly to Pluralsight are building businesses^[각주:42] on the promise of boosting and rebooting careers. Massive open online courses (MOOCs) have veered away from^[각주:43] lectures on Plato or black holes^[각주:44] in favor of^[각주:45] courses that make their students more employable^[각주:46]. At Udacity and Coursera self-improvers^[각주:47] pay for cheap, short programs that bestow^[각주:48] "microcredentials" and nanodegrees" in, say, self-driving cars^[각주:49] or the Android operating system. By offering degrees online, universities are making it easier for professionals to burnish their skills^[각주:50]. A single master's program from Georgia Tech could expand the annual output^[각주:51] of computer-science master's degrees in America by close to 10%.

Such efforts demonstrate^[각주:52] how to interleave^[각주:53] careers and learning. But left to^[각주:54] its own devices, this nascent^[각주:55] market will mainly serve^[각주:56] those who already have advantages. It is easier to learn later in life if you enjoyed the classroom first time around: about 80% of the learners on Coursera already have degrees. Online learning requires some IT literacy^[각주:57], yet one in four adults in the OECD has no or limited experience of computers. Skills atrophy^[각주:58] unless they are used, but many low-end^[각주:59] jobs give workers little chance to practise^[각주:60] them.

Shampoo technician wanted 

If new ways of learning are to help those who need them most, policymakers^[각주:61] should be aiming for something far more radical. Because education is a public good whose benefits spill over to^[각주:62] all of society, governments have a vital role to play - not just by spending more, but also by spending wisely.

Lifelong learning starts at school. As a rule, education should not be narrowly vocational. The curriculum needs to teach children how to study and think. A focus on "metacognition^[각주:63]" will make them better at picking up skills^[각주:64] later in life.

But the biggest change is to make adult learning routinely^[각주:65] accessible to all. One way is for citizens to receive vouchers that they can use to pay for training. Singapore has such "individual learning accounts"; it has given money to everyone over 25 to spend on any of 500 approved courses. So far each citizen has only a few hundred dollars, but it is early days.

Courses paid for by taxpayers risk being wasteful. But industry can help by steering people towards the skills^[각주:66] it wants and by working with MOOCs and colleges to design courses that are relevant^[각주:67]. Companies can also encourage their staff to learn. AT&T, a telecoms firm which wants to equip its workforce with digital skills^[각주:68], spends $30m, a year on reimbursing^[각주:69] employees' tuition costs^[각주:70]. Trade unions^[각주:71] can play a useful role as organizers^[각주:72] of lifelong learning, particularly for those - workers in small firms or the self-employed - for whom company- provided training is unlikely. A union-run training program in Britain has support from political parties on the right and left.

To make all this training worthwhile^[각주:73], governments need to slash^[각주:74] the licensing requirements and other barriers that make it hard for newcomers to enter occupations. Rather than asking for 300 hours' practice to qualify to^[각주:75] wash hair, for instance, the state of Tennessee should let hairdressers decide for themselves who is the best person to hire.

Not everyone will successfully navigate^[각주:76] the shifting^[각주:77] jobs market. Those most at risk of technological disruption^[각주:78] are men in blue-collar jobs, many of whom reject taking less "masculine" roles in fast-growing areas such as health care. But to keep the numbers of those left behind to a minimum^[각주:79], all adults must have access to flexible, affordable^[각주:80] training. The 19th and 20th centuries saw stunning advances in education. That should be the scale of the ambition today. 

1. practicality ; 1. [U] 실현 가능성, 현실성 [본문으로]
2. daunting ; 벅찬, 주눅이 들게 하는 [본문으로]
3. keep pace with ; …와 보조를 맞추다, …에 따라가다 [본문으로]
4. inequality ; pl. -ies 불평등, 불균등 [본문으로]
5. fall behind ; (~에) 뒤지다[뒤떨어지다] [본문으로]
6. fundamental insight ; 기본적 통찰 [본문으로]
7. seize ; 6. (감정이) (와락) 엄습하다[몰려오다] ;; 개혁가들의 주된 화두였다 는 의미 [본문으로]
8. Industrial Revolution ; 산업혁명 [본문으로]
9. herald ; 1. (앞으로 있을 일을[의]) 예고하다[도래를 알리다] [본문으로]
10. state-funded ; 국영의 [본문으로]
11. universal ; for everyone [본문으로]
12. automation ; 자동화 [본문으로]
13. call forth ; (격식) (반응을) 불러일으키다 ;; call for [본문으로]
14. a surge in ; ~에 대한 급증 [본문으로]
15. flowering ; 2. [C] [주로 단수로] ~ of sth (특히 미술・음악・과학 등에서) ~의 전성기 ;; flower [동사] (문예체) 꽃피우다, 번성하게 되다 [본문으로]
16. robotics ; [명사] 로봇 공학 [본문으로]
17. call for ; 1. ~을 필요로 하다 [본문으로]
18. working life ; 문맥상 직장생활의 지속성을 나타내는 듯함 [본문으로]
19. cram ; 1. ~ (sth) into/onto sth | ~ (sth) in (좁은 공간 속으로 억지로) 밀어[쑤셔] 넣다; (좁은 공간 속으로) 잔뜩 들어가다 [본문으로]
20. special report ; 특별 보고 [본문으로]
21. set (sth) out ; 2. (말·글로 조리 있게) ~을 제시하다 [본문으로]
22. lifelong learning ; 평생학습 [본문으로]
23. high achiever ; 높은 성취도를 보이는 사람, 우등생, 성공한 사람 [본문으로]
24. exacerbate ; [타동사][VN] (격식) (특히 질병・문제를) 악화시키다 ;; make worse [본문으로]
25. underclass ; [명사] (사회의) 최하층 계급 [본문으로]
26. policymaker ; 정책 입안자[담당자] [본문으로]
27. pitifully ; 가련하게 , 측은하게 ; 한심스럽게. [본문으로]
28. classic ; 2. (clas・sic・al) 전형적인, 대표적인 [본문으로]
29. metal-bashing ; 문맥상 기계를 이용한 공산품 제작 방식을 의미 [본문으로]
30. has gone the way of the Rolodex ; 흐름상 역사의 뒤안길로 사라졌다 정도의 의미 [본문으로]
31. formal education ; 정규[학교] 교육 ;; 문맥상 기술 직업 교육(vocational education)과 대조하는 구도이다 [본문으로]
32. cope ; [자동사][V] ~ (with sth) 대처[대응]하다 [본문으로]
33. vocational education ; 직업 교육 [본문으로]
34. 직업전선에서 경쟁력을 잃고 물러나는 경향을 withdraw 동사를 통해 표현 [본문으로]
35. adaptable ; [형용사] (호감) (새로운 환경에) 적응할 수 있는 [본문으로]
36. on-the-job training ; 직장 내 훈련 (OJT) [본문으로]
37. self-employment ; 자영(업), 자유업 [본문으로]
38. take time out ; (늘 하던 일·활동 등을 한동안) 쉬다 [본문으로]
39. 앞으로 나올 온라인 교육과 대조되는 개념으로 활용 [본문으로]
40. be geared towards ; ~을 위하다, 방향으로 설정되다, ~로 맞추어지다 [본문으로]
41. innovate ; 혁신[쇄신]하다; 획기적으로 하다 [본문으로]
42. building business ; 사업 구축 [본문으로]
43. veer away from ; …에서 느슨하게 풀다, 늦추다 ;; 거리를 둔다, 연관되지 않다, 노선이나 정책을 바꾸다 [본문으로]
44. 실용적이지 않은 분야에 대한 예시들로 Plato 나 black hole 을 언급 [본문으로]
45. in favor of ; 2. …의 이익이 되도록, …을 위하여 [본문으로]
46. employable ; [형용사] 고용 자격을 갖춘, 고용할 만한 [본문으로]
47. self-improver ; 자기 개선[수양]을 위해 노력하는 사람 [본문으로]
48. bestow ; [타동사][VN] ~ sth (on/upon sb) (격식) (특히 존경의 뜻으로) 수여[부여]하다 [본문으로]
49. self-driving car ; 자율주행 차 [본문으로]
50. burnish (sb's) skill ; 기술을 갈고닦다. ;; hone a skill [본문으로]
51. annual output ; 문맥상 일년간 배출되는 석사 학위자들을 말함 ;; 연간 생산 [본문으로]
52. demonstrate ; ~ sth (to sb) 증거[실례]를 들어가며 보여주다, 입증[실증]하다 [본문으로]
53. interleave ; [타동사][VN] ~ sth (with sth) (특히 얇은 막 같은 것을) 끼우다 ;; 직장 생활을 하면서 틈틈히 공부를 하고 학위따위를 딴다는 흐름 [본문으로]
54. be left ; 방치되다 [본문으로]
55. nascent ; (격식) 발생기의, 초기의 [본문으로]
56. serve ; 4. BE USEFUL | [타동사][VN] 도움이 되다, 기여하다 [본문으로]
57. IT literacy ; IT에 대한 전반적인 지식이 있는 상태 [본문으로]
58. atrophy ; [자동사] (신체의 일부가) 위축되다 ;; 기술의 숙련도가 떨어진다 는 의미 [본문으로]
59. low-end ; [주로 명사 앞에 씀] (일정 범위의 비슷한 상품들 중) 값이 싼[저가의] ;; 저임금의 [본문으로]
60. practise ; 2. [타동사][VN] (일상적으로) 행하다, 생활화하다, 실천하다 [본문으로]
61. policymaker ; 정책 입안자[담당자] [본문으로]
62. spill over to ; 2. (한 지역에서 다른 지역으로) 번지다 [본문으로]
63. metacognition ; 사고과정 자체에 대해 고찰하는 능력 [본문으로]
64. pick up skill ; 기술을 익히다 [본문으로]
65. routinely ; 일상적으로 [본문으로]
66. steer ; 3. [타동사][VN + adv. / prep.] (영향력 등을 발휘하여) 이끌다[몰고 가다] ;; 유도하다 [본문으로]
67. relevant ; (업무와) 연관성이 있는 [본문으로]
68. equip ; 2. (필요한 지식 등을 가르쳐) 준비를 갖춰 주다 [본문으로]
69. reimburse ; [타동사][VN] ~ sb (for sth) (격식) 배상[변제]하다 ; 보상하다 [본문으로]
70. tuition cost ; 학비 [본문으로]
71. trade union ; 노동 조합 [본문으로]
72. organizer ; 1. 조직자; 창시자, 창립 위원; 발기인; (흥행의) 주최자; (노동조합의) 조직책(cf. SYMPATHIZER) [본문으로]
73. worthwhile ; ~ (to do sth) | ~ (doing sth) 가치[보람] 있는, …할 가치가 있는 [본문으로]
74. slash ; 2. [흔히 수동태로,흔히 신문에서] 대폭 줄이다[낮추다] [본문으로]
75. qualify to ; ~할 자격이 있다 [본문으로]
76. navigate ; (순조롭게) 통과하다 [본문으로]
77. shifting ; [형용사] 이동하는; 바뀌는, <풍향 등이> 변하기 쉬운 [본문으로]
78. technological disruption ; 흐름상 기술의 발전이 구직시장에 끼치는 영향 을 의미 [본문으로]
79. to keep the numbers of those left behind to a minimum ; 뒤쳐진 사람들의 숫자를 최소한으로 유지하기 위해서 ;; to a minimum ; 최소한도로 [본문으로]
80. affordable ; [형용사] 줄 수 있는; 입수 가능한, <가격이> 알맞은 [본문으로]