[Annotated] A tsar is born

As the world marks^[각주:1] the centenary of^[각주:2] the October Revolution^[각주:3], Russia is once again under the rule of the tsar^[각주:4]

Seventeen years after Vladimir Putin first became president, his grip on^[각주:5] Russia is stronger than ever. The West, which still sees Russia in post-Soviet terms^[각주:6], sometimes ranks him as^[각주:7] his country's most powerful leader since Stalin. Russians are increasingly^[각주:8] looking to an earlier period of history^[각주:9]. Both liberal reformers and conservative traditionalists in Moscow are talking about Mr Putin as a 21st-century tsar. 

Mr Putin has earned that title by lifting his country out of what many Russians see as^[각주:10] the chaos in the 1990s and by making it count again in^[각주:11] the world. Yet as the centenary of the October revolution draws near^[각주:12], the uncomfortable thought has surfaced that^[각주:13] Mr Putin shares the tsars' weaknesses^[각주:14], too.

Although Mr Putin worries about the "color" revolutions that swept through the former Soviet Union^[각주:15], the greater threat is not of a mass uprising^[각주:16], still less of a Bolshevik revival^[각주:17]. It is that^[각주:18], from spring 2018 when Mr Putin starts what is constitutionally^[각주:19] his last six-year term in office^[각주:20] after an election that he will surely win^[각주:21], speculation will begin about what comes next. And the fear will grow that, as with other Russian rulers, Tsar Vladimir will leave turbulence^[각주:22] and upheaval^[각주:23] in his wake^[각주:24]. 

Firm rule 

Mr Putin is hardly the world's only autocrat^[각주:25]. Personalized^[각주:26] authoritarian rule has^[각주:27] spread across^[각주:28] the world over the past 15 years - often, as with Mr Putin, built on the fragile base of a manipulated^[각주:29], winner-takes-all democracy^[각주:30]. It is a rebuke to^[각주:31] the liberal triumphalism^[각주:32] which followed the collapse of^[각주:33] the Soviet Union. Leaders such as Recep Tayyip Erdogan of Turkey, the late Hugo Chávez of^[각주:34] Venezuela and even Narendra Modi, India's prime minister, have behaved as if they enjoy a special authority derived directly from^[각주:35] the popular will^[각주:36]. In China Xi Jinping this week formalized^[각주:37] his absolute command of^[각주:38] the Communist Party.

Mr Putin's brand of^[각주:39] authoritarianism^[각주:40] blazed the trail^[각주:41]. It evokes^[각주:42] Russia's imperial history^[각주:43], offering a vivid picture of how power works and how it might go wrong^[각주:44].

Like a tsar, Mr Putin surmounts^[각주:45] a pyramid of^[각주:46] patronage^[각주:47]. Since he moved against the oligarchs in^[각주:48] 2001, taking control first of the media and then of the oil and gas giants, all access to power and money has been through^[각주:49] him. These days the boyars^[각주:50] serve at his pleasure^[각주:51], just as those beneath them serve at their pleasure and so on all the way down. He wraps his power in^[각주:52] legal procedure^[각주:53], but everyone knows that the prosecutors^[각주:54] and courts answer to him. He enjoys an approval rating of over 80%^[각주:55] partly because he has persuaded Russians that, as an aide says^[각주:56], "If there is no Putin, there is no Russia."

Like a tsar, too, he has faced the question that has plagued Russia's rulers since^[각주:57] Peter the Great - and which acutely^[각주:58] confronted Alexander III^[각주:59] and Nicholas II in the run-up to^[각주:60] the revolution. Should Russia modernize^[각주:61] by following the Western path towards^[각주:62] civil rights^[각주:63] and representative government^[각주:64], or should it try to lock in stability by^[각주:65] holding fast against^[각주:66] them? Mr Putin's answer has been to entrust the economy to^[각주:67] liberal-minded^[각주:68] technocrats^[각주:69] and politics to former KGB officers^[각주:70]. Inevitably^[각주:71], politics has dominated economics^[각주:72] and Russia is paying the price^[각주:73]. However well administered^[각주:74] during sanctions^[각주:75] and a rouble^[각주:76] devaluation^[각주:77], the economy still depends too heavily on natural resources^[각주:78]. It can manage annual GDP growth of only around 2%, a far cry from^[각주:79] 2000-08, which achieved on oil-fired 5-10%^[각주:80]. In the long run^[각주:81], this will cramp Russia's ambitions^[각주:82]. 

And like a tsar, Mr Putin has buttressed his power through^[각주:83] repression^[각주:84] and military conflict. At home, in the name of stability, tradition and the Orthodox religion^[각주:85], he has suppressed political opposition^[각주:86] and social liberals^[각주:87], including feminists, NGOs and gays. Abroad^[각주:88], his annexation of^[각주:89] Crimea^[각주:90] and the campaigns in Syria and Ukraine have been burnished for^[각주:91] the evening news by a captive^[각주:92], triumphalist^[각주:93] media. However justified, the West's outrage at^[각주:94] his actions underlined to^[각주:95] Russians how Mr Putin was once again asserting their country's strength after^[각주:96] the humiliations of^[각주:97] the 1990s.

What does this post-modern tsar mean for the world? One lesson is about the Russian threat. Since the interference in^[각주:98] Ukraine, the West has worried about Russian revanchism^[각주:99] elsewhere^[각주:100], especially in the Baltic states^[각주:101]. But Mr Putin cannot afford large numbers of^[각주:102] casualties^[각주:103] without also losing legitimacy^[각주:104], as happened to Nicholas II in the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-05^[각주:105] and in the first world war. Because today's tsar knows history, he is likely to be opportunistic abroad^[각주:106], shadowboxing^[각주:107] rather than risking^[각주:108] a genuine^[각주:109] confrontation^[각주:110]. The situation at home is different. In his time in power^[각주:111] Mr Putin has shown little appetite for^[각주:112] harsh repression. But Russia's record of terrible suffering^[각주:113] suggests that, whereas^[각주:114] dithering^[각주:115] undermines the ruler's legitimacy^[각주:116], mass repression can strengthen it^[각주:117] - at least for a time^[각주:118]. The Russian people still have something to fear. 

Mother Russia's offspring^[각주:119]

The other lesson is about succession^[각주:120]. The October revolution is just the most extreme recent case of power in Russia passing from ruler^[각주:121] to ruler ^[각주:122]through a time of troubles. Mr Putin cannot arrange his succession^[각주:123] using his bloodline^[각주:124] or the Communist Party apparatus^[각주:125]. Perhaps he will anoint a successor^[각주:126]. But he would need someone weak enough for him to control and strong enough to see off rivals^[각주:127] - an unlikely combination^[각주:128]. Perhaps he will try to cling to power^[각주:129], as Deng Xiaoping did behind the scenes^[각주:130] as head of the China Bridge Association, and Mr Xi may intend to overtly^[각주:131], having conspicuously^[각주:132] avoided naming a successor after^[각주:133] this week's party congress^[각주:134]. Yet, even if Mr Putin became the éminence grise of^[각주:135] the Russian Judo Federation, it would only delay the fatal moment^[각주:136]. Without the mechanism of^[각주:137] a real democracy to legitimize someone new^[각주:138], the next ruler is likely to emerge from^[각주:139] a power struggle that^[각주:140] could start to tear Russia apart^[각주:141]. In a state with nuclear weapons, that is alarming^[각주:142].

The stronger Mr Putin is today, the harder he will find it to manage his succession. As the world tries to live with^[각주:143] that paradox^[각주:144], it should remember that nothing is set in stone^[각주:145]. A century ago the Bolshevik revolution was seen as^[각주:146] an endorsement of^[각주:147] Marx's determinism^[각주:148]. In the event^[각주:149], it proved that nothing is certain and that history has its own tragic irony^[각주:150].

1. mark ; 4. CELEBRATE | [타동사][VN] (중요 사건을) 기념[축하]하다 [본문으로]
2. centenary ; [명사] (cen・ten・nial 美, 英) pl. -ies 100주년 ;; 참고 ; bicentenary, tercentenary ;; 미국식 [sen|tenəri] 영국식 [sen|ti:nəri] [본문으로]
3. the October Revolution ; [the ~] 10월 혁명(Russian Revolution) ((러시아력 1917년 10월 25일(11월 7일)의 레닌의 혁명)) [본문으로]
4. tsar ; (또한 tzar , czar) [명사] (제정 러시아 시대의) 황제 ;; 미국∙영국 [zɑ:(r)] [본문으로]
5. grip ; 2. CONTROL/POWER | [sing.] ~ (on sb/sth) 통제, 지배 [본문으로]
6. post - ; [접두사] (명사・동사・형용사에서) <‘… 후[다음/뒤]의'의 뜻> ;; 참고 ; ante-, pre- [본문으로]
7. rank ; [진행형으로는 쓰이지 않음] 1. GIVE POSITION | ~ (sb) (as sth) (등급・등위・순위를) 매기다[평가하다]; (등급・등위・순위를) 차지하다 [본문으로]
8. increasingly ; [부사] 점점 더, 갈수록 더 [본문으로]
9. look to sth ; [동사] (개선 방안을 찾기 위해) ~을 생각해[고려해] 보다, 돌보다, 보살피다; …에 주의하다, 경계하다; 기대하다; …에 기대를 걸다. ;; 동의어 ; attend to; give attention to; expect; turn to, depend on. [본문으로]
10. see as ; …로 상상하다, 간주하다(=visualize, consider acceptable). [본문으로]
11. make it count ; 의미있게 만들다, 소중히하게 다루다, 중요하게 여기다 [본문으로]
12. draw near ; 다가오다, 접근하다 [본문으로]
13. surface ; 2. [자동사][V] (한동안 숨어 있던 것이 갑자기) 나타나다[드러나다], 표면화되다 [본문으로]
14. weakness ; 1. [U] (힘・세력・각오 등이) 약함, 힘이 없음, 나약함 ;; 2. [C] 약점 [본문으로]
15. sweep through ; 2. (군중·바람·유행·역병 따위가) …을 휩쓸고 지나가다 [본문으로]
16. uprising ; [명사] ~ (against sth) 봉기, 반란, 폭동 [본문으로]
17. revival ; 2. [C , U] 부흥, 재유행 [본문으로]
18. it is that ; ([상대방의 말에 맞장구쳐서]) 정말로 그렇습니다. [본문으로]
19. constitutionally ; 1. 입헌적으로, 헌법상 ;; 2. 나면서부터, 체질적으로 ;; 3. 구조상으로 [본문으로]
20. in office ; 재직 중에 [본문으로]
21. surely ; 3. (격식) 의심의 여지없이, 틀림없이 [본문으로]
22. turbulence ; [U] 1. 격동, 격변 [본문으로]
23. upheaval ; [C , U] 격변, 대변동 [본문으로]
24. wake ; 2. (수면 위의) 배가 지나간 흔적[항적] [본문으로]
25. autocrat ; 1. 전제 군주, 독재자 ;; 2. 전제 군주 같은 사람 [본문으로]
26. personalize ; 2. (개인의 필요에) 맞추다 [본문으로]
27. authoritarian rule ; 중앙집권, 독재 정권, 권위주의적인 통치 [본문으로]
28. spread across ; ~ 전역에 퍼지다 [본문으로]
29. manipulated ; 조작된 [본문으로]
30. winner-take-all ; Of or pertaining to a contest, election, or other competition in which only the winner is rewarded and none of the losers get anything. [본문으로]
31. rebuke ; an expression of strong disapproval 참고 ; reprimand [본문으로]
32. triumphalism ; [U] (못마땅함) 승리주의 ;; 미국∙영국 [traɪ|ʌmfəlɪzəm] [본문으로]
33. follow ;; 2. HAPPEN/DO AFTER | (시간・순서상으로) 뒤를 잇다; (결과가) 뒤따르다 [본문으로]
34. the late ; 고인이 된 [본문으로]
35. derive ; 2. <단어·관습 등이> …에서 비롯되다, <사람이> …의 유래를 찾다(trace);[종종 수동형으로] …에 기원을 두다, …에서 나오다 ((from)); 추론[추리]하다; <영화 등을> (소설에서) 각색하다 ((from)) [본문으로]
36. popular will ; 대중적 의지 [본문으로]
37. formalize ; 1. 공식화하다 ;; 2. 형식을 갖추다 [본문으로]
38. absolute ; 4. 제한이 없는, 절대적인, 무소불위의 ;; 5. (상대적이 아닌) 절대적인 ;; 참고 ; relative [본문으로]
39. brand ; 2. (특정한) 종류[유형] [본문으로]
40. authoritarianism ; [U] 권위주의 [본문으로]
41. blaze a[the] trail ; 새로운 길을 열다 [본문으로]
42. evoke ; [타동사][VN] (격식) (감정・기억・이미지를) 떠올려 주다[환기시키다] [본문으로]
43. imperial history ; 제국사 [본문으로]
44. go wrong ; 3. (일이) 잘못되다[문제를 겪다] [본문으로]
45. surmount ; [vn], (격식) 1. 극복하다 [본문으로]
46. pyramid ; 4. 피라미드식 조직[체제] [본문으로]
47. patronage ; [U] 2. (지지자들에게 그 대가로 하는) 지원[임용] [본문으로]
48. oligarch ; (pl. -ies) 1. [U] 과두제, 과두 정부 ;; 2. [C+sing./pl. v.] 과두제 집권층 ;; 3. [C] 과두제 국가 [본문으로]
49. be through ; to be connected to somebody (on the telephone) [본문으로]
50. boyar ; [명사] (러시아) (옛날의) 귀족; (옛 루마니아의) 특권 계급 사람. (또는 boyard) [본문으로]
51. at one's pleasure ; 수시로, 임의로, ~가 원하는 대로[~ 마음대로], 자유자재로 [본문으로]
52. wrap ; 2. [타동사][VN] ~ A (up) in B | ~ B round/around A (보호 등을 하기 위해) 싸다[둘러싸다] ;; 참고 ; shrink-wrapped [본문으로]
53. legal procedure ; 합법한 절차, 법적 절차 [본문으로]
54. prosecutor ; 2. 기소 검사 [본문으로]
55. approval rating ; (대통령 등에 대한) 지지율 [본문으로]
56. aide ; [명사] 보좌관 [본문으로]
57. plague ; [vn], [~ sb/sth (with sth)] 1. (한동안 고통・문제로) 괴롭히다 ;; 2. (요구・부탁 등으로) 성가시게 하다 [본문으로]
58. acutely ; 1. ~ aware/conscious 강렬히, 절실히 ;; 2. 몹시(불쾌한 감정이 매우 강함을 나타낼 때 씀) [본문으로]
59. confront ; [vn] 1. (문제나 힘든 상황이) 닥치다 [본문으로]
60. run-up ; (英) 1. (드물게 |run-in) ~ (to sth) (중요 행사의) 준비[준비 기간] [본문으로]
61. modernize ; 2. [자동사][V] (현대적인 장비・사상 등을 써서) 현대화하다 [본문으로]
62. path ; 3. (행동) 계획; (목표에 이르는) 길 [본문으로]
63. civil rights ; [pl.] 시민의 평등권(성별・인종・종교에 상관없이 모든 사회 구성원들에게 평등하게 부여되는 권리) [본문으로]
64. representative government[system] ; 대의 정체[제도] [본문으로]
65. lock in stability ; 가두다, 감금하다 ;; 흐름상 "고수하다, 변화를 주지 않다" 정도의 의미 [본문으로]
66. hold fast ; (교분 따위가) 굳게 유지되다 [본문으로]
67. entrust ; [타동사][VN] ~ A (to B) | ~ B with A (일을) 맡기다 [본문으로]
68. liberal-minded ; [형용사] 마음이 넓은, 관대한 [본문으로]
69. technocrat ; [명사] 테크노크라트(많은 권력을 행사하는 과학 기술 분야 전문가) ;; [NOUN] A technocrat is a scientist, engineer, or other expert who is one of a group of similar people who have political power as well as technical knowledge. [본문으로]
70. KGB ; [sing.] (구소련의) 국가 보안 위원회 [본문으로]
71. inevitably ; 1. 필연적이다시피, 아니나 다를까 ;; 2. (흔히 유머) 예상한 대로 [본문으로]
72. economics ; 2. [pl., U] (어떤 산업 분야・사회의) 자본 환경[조건] [본문으로]
73. pay the price ; [동사] 대가를 지불하다[치르다]. ;; 동의어 ; pay the dues. [본문으로]
74. administer ; [vn] 1. [흔히 수동태로] (회사・조직・국가 등을) 관리하다[운영하다] [본문으로]
75. sanctions ; (정치학) <용어>제재(制裁), (무역) 제재 [본문으로]
76. rouble ; [명사] 루블(러시아의 화폐 단위) [본문으로]
77. devaluation ; 1. (경제) 평가 절하(平價切下)(opp. revaluation) ;; 2. 가치[신분]의 저하 [본문으로]
78. natural resource ; [명사] 천연 자원 [본문으로]
79. far cry ; (a ~) …와 전혀 다른[큰 격차가 있는](것); …에서 먼 거리에 있는 (것)(from). ;; 동의어 ; very different; quite some distance. [본문으로]
80. oil-fired ; [형용사] 난방 시스템 등이 기름을 때는[연료로 하는] [본문으로]
81. in the long run ; (앞으로 길게 보았을 때) 결국에는, 오래 달려간 끝에, 결국은. [본문으로]
82. cramp ; [타동사][VN] (무엇의 발달이나 진행을) 막다[방해하다] [본문으로]
83. buttress ; [타동사][VN] (격식) 지지하다, 힘을 실어 주다 ;; 미국∙영국 [|bʌtrəs] [본문으로]
84. repression ; [U] 1. 탄압, 진압, 억압 [본문으로]
85. Orthodox ; 3. 동방[그리스] 정교회의 [본문으로]
86. suppress ; [vn] 1. (보통 못마땅함) (정부・통치자 등이) 진압하다 [본문으로]
87. social liberal ; Of or pertaining to social liberalism [본문으로]
88. abroad ; (특히 英) 1. 해외에(서), 해외로 [본문으로]
89. annexation ; 1. [U] 부가, 첨가; (영토의) 합병 ;; 2. 부가물, 부록, 부대물; 합병지 [본문으로]
90. Crimea ; 1. [the ~] 크림 반도 ((흑해 북쪽 해안의)) ;; 2. 크림 ((크림 반도에 있던 구소련 자치 공화국; 제2차 대전 후 우크라이나 공화국에 편입)) [본문으로]
91. burnish ; [타동사][VN] (격식) (금속을) 윤[광]을 내다 [본문으로]
92. captive ; 1. 사로잡힌, 억류된 ;; 2. [명사 앞에만 씀] 달리 어쩔 도리가 없는, 그 자리를 뜰 수가 없는 [본문으로]
93. triumphalist ; [명사] 승리주의자. [본문으로]
94. outrage ; 1. [U] 격분, 격노 [본문으로]
95. underline ; (또한 under・score 특히 美) 1. [타동사][VN] 밑줄을 긋다[치다] ;; 2. 강조하다, 분명히 보여주다 [본문으로]
96. assert ; 3. [타동사][VN] (자신의 권리・권위 등을) 확고히 하다 [본문으로]
97. humiliation ; 1. 창피 줌[당함] ;; 2. 굴욕, 굴복; 창피, 면목 없음 [본문으로]
98. interference ; [U] 1. ~ (in sth) 간섭, 참견, 개입, 방해 [본문으로]
99. revanchism ; [U] 보복 정책(특히 한 국가가 영토를 되찾기 위해 취하는 정책) ;; 미국∙영국 [rɪ|vӕntʃɪzəm ; rɪ|vӕnʃɪzəm] [본문으로]
100. elsewhere ; [부사] (어딘가) 다른 곳에서[으로] [본문으로]
101. Baltic States ; [the ~] 발트 제국 ((Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, 때로 Finland도 포함)) [본문으로]
102. afford ; 1. [수동태로는 안 씀.특히 부정문이나 의문문에서 보통 can, could, be able to와 함께 쓰여] (…을 살・할・금전적・시간적) 여유[형편]가 되다 [본문으로]
103. casualties ; 사상자 [본문으로]
104. legitimacy ; 1. 합법성, 적법; 합리[타당]성 ;; 2. 적출(嫡出); 정통, 정계(正系) [본문으로]
105. the Russo-Japanese war ; [the ~] 러일 전쟁(1904-5) [본문으로]
106. opportunistic ; [형용사] 1. (못마땅함) ;; 동의어 ; opportunist ; [형용사] (또한 op・por・tun・is・tic) [주로 명사 앞에 씀] (흔히 못마땅함) 기회주의적인; 우발적인 [본문으로]
107. shadowbox ; [자동사] (가상의 상대를 만들어 놓고) 혼자서 권투를 연습하다 [본문으로]
108. risk ; 2. …을 각오해야 할 짓을 하다, …의 위험을 무릅쓰다 [본문으로]
109. genuine ; 2. 진실한, 진심 어린 [본문으로]
110. confrontation ; [U , C] ~ (with sb) | ~ (between A and B) 대치, 대립 [본문으로]
111. in power ; 권력의 자리에 있는, 정권을 쥐고 있는. ;; 참고 ; out of (the) power [본문으로]
112. appetite ; 2. [C] ~ (for sth) 욕구 [본문으로]
113. suffering ; 1. [U] (육체적・정신적) 고통 [본문으로]
114. whereas ; ~하지만, 반면에 ; 1. (두 가지 사실을 비교・대조할 때 씀) [본문으로]
115. dither ; [자동사][V] ~ (over sth) (결정을 못 내리고) 머무적거리다[망설이다] ;; 미국∙영국 [|dɪðə(r)] [본문으로]
116. undermine ; [vn] 1. (특히 자신감・권위 등을) 약화시키다 ;; 2. 기반을 약화시키다 [본문으로]
117. strengthen ; [동사] 강화되다, 강력해지다; 강화하다, 더 튼튼하게 하다 [본문으로]
118. for a time ; 당분간(은), 잠시; 임시로 [본문으로]
119. offspring ; (pl. off・spring), (격식 또는 유머) 1. 자식 ;; 2. (동식물의) 새끼 [본문으로]
120. succession ; 3. [U] 승계, 계승; 승계권 [본문으로]
121. ruler ; 1. 통치자, 지배자 ;; 2. (길이 측정・줄긋기에 쓰는) 자 [본문으로]
122. pass from ... to ; ...에서 ~로 옮겨지다, 전파되다 [본문으로]
123. arrange ; 1. 마련하다, (일을) 처리[주선]하다 [본문으로]
124. bloodline ; [명사] (전문 용어) (사람・동물의) 혈통 [본문으로]
125. apparatus ; (pl. ap・par・atuses) 2. [C] [주로 단수로] (특히 정당・정부의) 조직체[기구] ;; 미국식 [|ӕpə|rӕtəs] 영국식 [|ӕpə|reɪtəs] [본문으로]
126. anoint ; 흐름상 "지명하다, 선정하다" 정도의 의미 [본문으로]
127. see off ; 2. (英) ~를 쫓아내다 ;; 3. (英) (경기·싸움 등에서) ~를 물리치다 [본문으로]
128. unlikely ; (un・like・lier , un・likeli・est), (more unlikely와 most unlikely가 흔히 쓰인다.) 1. ~ (to do sth) | ~ (that…) …할[일] 것 같지 않은, 있음직하지[있을 것 같지] 않은 ;; 2. [명사 앞에만 씀] (일반적인) 예상 밖의 ;; 3. [명사 앞에만 씀] 믿기 힘든 [본문으로]
129. cling to ; ~을 고수하다[~에 매달리다] ;; 동의어 ; cling on to something [본문으로]
130. behind the scene ; 무대 뒤에서 / 이면에서 / 은밀히. [본문으로]
131. overtly ; [부사] 명백히, 공공연하게 [본문으로]
132. conspicuously ; [부사] 눈에 띄게, 두드러지게 [본문으로]
133. name ; 4. ~ sb (as) sth | ~ sb (to sth) (일자리・직책에) 지명[임명]하다 [본문으로]
134. party congress ; 당대회 [본문으로]
135. éminence grise ; ((pl. é·mi·nences grises[~])) 심복, 앞잡이; 숨은 실력자, 배후 인물 ;; 미국∙영국 [èiminɑ́:ns-ɡrí:z] [본문으로]
136. fatal ; 2. 치명적인, 돌이킬 수 없는 (사태를 초래하는) [본문으로]
137. mechanism ; 2. (목적을 달성하기 위한) 방법, 메커니즘 [본문으로]
138. legitimize ; [vn], (격식) 1. 정당화하다 ;; 2. 합법화하다 ;; 3. (사생아를[에게]) 적출로 만들다[적출과 동등한 권리를 주다] [본문으로]
139. emerge from ; ~에서 벗어나다, 나오다 [본문으로]
140. power struggle ; 권력 투쟁 [본문으로]
141. tear apart ; 2. (국가·조직 등을) 서로 물어뜯게 만들다[분열시키다] [본문으로]
142. alarming ; [형용사] 걱정스러운, 두려운 [본문으로]
143. live with ; [동사] …와 동거하다; 수용하다, 화합하다, 용납하다, ~을 감수하다 ;; 동의어 ; share home with; accept, receive, acknowledge, tolerate. [본문으로]
144. paradox ; 1. [C] 역설적인 사람[것/상황] ;; 2. [C , U] 역설 [본문으로]
145. be set[carved] in stone ; unable to be changed [본문으로]
146. be seen as ; ~로 보이다, 간주되다 [본문으로]
147. endorsement ; [C , U] 1. (공개적인) 지지 [본문으로]
148. determinism ; [U] (철학) 결정론 ;; [NOUN] Determinism is the belief that all actions and events result from other actions, events, or situations, so people cannot in fact choose what to do. [본문으로]
149. in the event ; 막상 닥쳐 보니[정작은], 결국 [본문으로]
150. tragic irony ; [U] (전문 용어) 비극적 아이러니(등장인물의 행동・생각을 독자・관객은 알지만 이야기 속의 상대 인물은 모르는 것) [본문으로]