[Annotated] Catalonia's parliament declares independence; Spain imposes direct rule

Mutual^[각주:1] mistrust between^[각주:2] the two administrations^[각주:3] scuppered a deal to^[각주:4] avoid a head-on clash 

It was political theater^[각주:5] - epic for^[각주:6] some, farce for^[각주:7] others and tragic for^[각주:8] many more. By 70 votes out of 135, and with the opposition having walked out^[각주:9], the Catalan parliament in Barcelona voted today, October 27th, to declare independence^[각주:10] and constitute^[각주:11] Catalonia as a republic^[각주:12]. Minutes later in Madrid, the Senate overwhelmingly^[각주:13] approved the government's request to exercise its constitutional power to^[각주:14] intervene in^[각주:15] Catalonia. Mariano Rajoy, Spain's prime minister, announced the immediate dismissal of^[각주:16] the Catalan government and parliament, and called a fresh regional election for December 21st. 

Until almost the last minute it appeared that this head-on^[각주:17] clash^[각주:18] could be avoided. On October 26th officials in Madrid and Barcelona had discussed a deal whereby^[각주:19], if Carles Puigdemont, the Catalan president, himself called a fresh election, the government would suspend its plans for^[각주:20] direct rule^[각주:21]. Amid much confusion^[각주:22], the deal was aborted^[각주:23] because of the mistrust between^[각주:24] the two administrations and because Mr Puigdemont apparently feared^[각주:25] being denounced as^[각주:26] a traitor^[각주:27] by the independence movement^[각주:28] that he leads. 

"Today the parliament took a long-awaited^[각주:29] and struggled-for step," Mr Puigdemont said after the independence vote. But it is purely^[각주:30] symbolic^[각주:31]: it will be declared void by^[각주:32] Spain's Constitutional Tribunal^[각주:33] and no European government will recognize Catalonia as an independent state. "For the European Union nothing changes," said Donald Tusk, its president. "Spain is our only interlocutor^[각주:34]". The narrow secessionist^[각주:35] majority in the Catalan parliament opted to^[각주:36] cast secret ballots^[각주:37], because they fear the legal consequences of breaching^[각주:38] the constitution. 

The Senate duly approved^[각주:39] Mr Rajoy's request, backed by the opposition Socialists, to apply Article 155 of the constitution in Catalonia. Never used before, this grants the government wide powers to compel a region to^[각주:40] obey the constitution. Mr Rajoy justified this 'exceptional decision" by referring to the Catalan administration's "continued process of anti-democratic decisions^[각주:41], against the law and Spanish and European values".

Apart from the dismissal of Mr Puigdemont's executive^[각주:42], Mr Rajoy announced the shutting down of the Catalan government's offices abroad. The government is also likely to replace the commanders of the Catalan police force^[각주:43], and take over the Catalan government's finances^[각주:44] and IT center. At the urging of^[각주:45] the opposition Socialists, the government has dropped the idea of taking the public broadcasters in Catalonia. The dissolution of^[각주:46] the Catalan parliament and the swift calling of^[각주:47] a new election came as a surprise^[각주:48] (Mr Rajoy had earlier talked of^[각주:49] an election "within six months"). It suggests that he does not want direct rule to become the subject of^[각주:50] a lengthy conflict^[각주:51]. 

Even so^[각주:52], it was unclear whether the Catalan civil service^[각주:53] will accept the government's orders. Mr Rajoy is likely to face civil disobedience^[각주:54] and strikes, especially if prosecutors^[각주:55] opt to charge^[각주:56] Mr Puigdemont and his colleagues with rebellion^[각주:57], which carries up to 30 years in jail^[각주:58]. Already two leaders of the independence movement have been detained^[각주:59] on suspicion of^[각주:60] sedition for^[각주:61] organizing a demonstration in Barcelona last month that hindered^[각주:62] a police raid against^[각주:63] organizers of^[각주:64] an unauthorized^[각주:65] independence referendum on^[각주:66] October 1st. 

Mr Puigdemont claims^[각주:67] a mandate from^[각주:68] that referendum, in which Catalan officials say some 43% of the electorate voted^[각주:69], 90% of them for independence. But they face some unpleasant realities: since October 1st, more than 1,500 companies, including almost all the big ones, have moved their domicile^[각주:70] outside the region, and tourist bookings have dipped. 

The secessionists have brought Spain to^[각주:71] a deadlock^[각주:72]. Mr Rajoy has agreed to a Socialist proposal to set up a congressional committee to^[각주:73] discuss constitutional reform^[각주:74]. If there is a solution to the country's ills^[각주:75], that is where it lies. But first he must win his trial of strength in^[각주:76] Catalonia.

1. mutual ; 1. 상호간의, 서로의 [본문으로]
2. mistrust ; [U , sing.] 불신 [본문으로]
3. administration ; 4. [C] 흔히 Administration (특히 미국의) 행정부 [본문으로]
4. scupper ; [타동사][VN] (英 비격식) 실패하게 하다, 좌절시키다 [본문으로]
5. political theater ; 정치극 [본문으로]
6. epic ; 1. [C , U] 서사시 ;; 참고 ; lyric [본문으로]
7. farce ; 1. [C , U] 소극(笑劇), 익살극 [본문으로]
8. tragic ; the tragic, the element or quality of tragedy in literature, art, drama, etc.: [본문으로]
9. walk out (of sth) ;(회의·공연 등을 하던 중에 특히 불만을 나타내기 위해) 나가[떠나] 버리다 [본문으로]
10. declare independence ; 독립을 선언하다 [본문으로]
11. constitute ; 3. [타동사][VN] [주로 수동태로] (어떤 단체를) 설립[설치]하다 [본문으로]
12. republic ; 공화국 ;; 참고 ; monarchy [본문으로]
13. overwhelmingly ; [부사] 압도적으로; 불가항력적으로; 극도로. [본문으로]
14. exercise[exert, wield] power ; 권력을 행사하다 [본문으로]
15. intervene ; 1. [자동사][V] ~ (in sth) (상황 개선을 돕기 위해) 개입하다 [본문으로]
16. dismissal ; 4. [U , C] (사람을) 물러가게 함[보냄] [본문으로]
17. head-on ; 2. 정면으로 대응하는 [본문으로]
18. clash ; 1. FIGHT | ~ (with sb) | ~ (between A and B) (두 집단 간의 짧은 물리적) 충돌 [본문으로]
19. whereby ; [부사] (격식) (그것에 의하여) …하는 [본문으로]
20. suspend ; 2. (공식적으로) 유예[중단]하다 ;; 3. (공식적으로) 연기[유보]하다 [본문으로]
21. direct rule ; [U] 직접 통치 [본문으로]
22. confusion ; 4. [U] 혼란(스러운 상황) [본문으로]
23. abort ; 3. [흔히 수동태로] (일을) 도중하차하다[중단시키다] [본문으로]
24. mistrust ; [U , sing.] 불신 [본문으로]
25. fear ; 1. (…을) 두려워[무서워]하다 ;; 2. (…일까 봐) 우려[염려]하다 [본문으로]
26. denounce ; [vn], (참고: denunciation) 1. ~ sb/sth (as sth) 맹렬히 비난하다 [본문으로]
27. traitor ; [명사] ~ (to sb/sth) 배반자, 반역자 [본문으로]
28. independence movement ; 독립 운동 [본문으로]
29. long-awaited ; [형용사] 사람들이 오래 기다리던 [본문으로]
30. purely ; [부사] 순전히, 전적으로, 오직 [본문으로]
31. symbolic ; [형용사] ~ (of sth) 상징적인, 상징하는 [본문으로]
32. void ; 2. (법률) (계약・합의 등이) 무효의, 법적 효력이 없는 [본문으로]
33. tribunal ; [C+sing./pl. v.] (특별한 문제를 다루는) 재판소, 법원, 조사[심사] 위원회 ;; 참고 ; industrial tribunal [본문으로]
34. interlocutor ; (격식) 1. 대화자, 대화 상대 ;; 2. (다른 사람을 대신하는) 교섭 담당자[담당 기관] [본문으로]
35. secessionist ; [형용사] (명사 앞에만 씀) 분리 독립을 지지하는; 분리 독립의 ;; 미국∙영국 [sɪ|seʃənɪst] [본문으로]
36. opt to ; ~하기로 선택하다 [본문으로]
37. cast a secret ballot ; 비밀 투표를 하다 [본문으로]
38. breach ; [vn] 1. (합의나 약속을) 위반하다[어기다] [본문으로]
39. duly ; (참고: unduly) 1. (격식) 적절한 절차에 따라, 예상대로 ;; 2. 적절한 때에, 때를 맞춰 [본문으로]
40. compel ; (-ll-), (격식), (참고: compulsion) 1. 강요[강제]하다; (필요에 따라) …하게 만들다 [본문으로]
41. antidemocratic ; [형용사] 반(反)민주주의의 [본문으로]
42. executive ; 3. [sing.+ sing./pl. v.] the executive 행정부 ;; 참고 ; judiciary, legislature [본문으로]
43. police force ; [명사] (한 국가・지역・시・군의) 경찰 [본문으로]
44. finances ; 3. [pl.] finances (개인・단체・국가의) 자금[재정] [본문으로]
45. at the urging of ; ~의 재촉으로 [본문으로]
46. dissolution ; [U], [~ (of sth)] 3. (기관 등의) 해체 [본문으로]
47. swift ; (swift・er , swift・est) 1. ~ (to do sth) (일・진행 등이) 신속한[재빠른] [본문으로]
48. come as a surprise ; 놀라움으로 다가오다 [본문으로]
49. talk of ; …에 관해 이야기하다; …의 소문을 이야기하다 [본문으로]
50. become the subject of ; ~의 대상이 되다 [본문으로]
51. lengthy ; [형용사] length・ier , lengthi・est (시간・치수가) 너무 긴, 장황한, 지루한 [본문으로]
52. even so ; 그렇기는 하지만 [본문으로]
53. civil service ; [sing.] (정부의) 공무원[행정] 조직[업무], 문관[의 근무] . [본문으로]
54. civil disobedience ; [U] 시민 불복종(보통 평화적인 시위 형태로 나타남) [본문으로]
55. prosecutor ; 1. 소추자, 검찰관 ;; 2. 기소 검사 [본문으로]
56. opt to ; ~하기로 선택하다 [본문으로]
57. rebellion ; 3. [U] (규칙・일반 통념 등에 대한) 반항 [본문으로]
58. in jail ; 수감되어 [본문으로]
59. detain ; 1. (경찰서・교도소 ・병원 등에) 구금[억류]하다 [본문으로]
60. om (the) suspicion of ; …의 혐의로 [본문으로]
61. sedition ; [U] (격식) 폭동 선동, 난동 교사 [본문으로]
62. hinder ; [타동사][VN] ~ sb/sth (from sth/from doing sth) 저해[방해]하다, …을 못하게 하다 ;; 참고 ; hindrance [본문으로]
63. police raid ; [명사] (경찰의) 단속, 현장 급습. [본문으로]
64. organizer ; 1. 조직자; 창시자, 창립 위원; 발기인; (흥행의) 주최자; (노동조합의) 조직책(cf. SYMPATHIZER) [본문으로]
65. unauthorized ; [형용사] 공인[승인]되지 않은 [본문으로]
66. independence referendum ; 독립 국민투표 [본문으로]
67. claim ; 2. DEMAND LEGAL RIGHT | [타동사][VN] (자기 권리나 재산이라고 여겨) 요구[요청]하다 [본문으로]
68. mandate ; 1. ~ (to do sth) | ~ (for sth) (선거에 의해 국민들로부터 정부나 다른 조직에게 주어지는) 권한 [본문으로]
69. electorate ; [C+sing./pl. v.] 1. (전체) 유권자 [본문으로]
70. domicile ; [명사] (격식 또는 법률) 거주지[주소](특히 공식적・법률적 목적으로 주소를 가리킬 때 쓰는 말) ;; 미국식 [|dɑ:mɪsaɪl;|doʊm-] 영국식 [|dɒmɪsaɪl] [본문으로]
71. bring (sth) to ; …로 이끌다. [본문으로]
72. deadlock ; 1. [sing., U] (협상의) 교착 상태 [본문으로]
73. set up a committee ; 위원회를 구성하다 [본문으로]
74. constitutional reform ; 헌법 개정 [본문으로]
75. ills ; (영국식) [명사] 불행, 재난 [본문으로]
76. a trial of strength ; 힘겨루기 [본문으로]