티스토리 뷰
[Annotated] Donald Trump's demolition theory of foreign policy won't work
af334 2018. 6. 8. 09:47Even if the president strikes a deal with North Korea, his approach will harm America and the world 1
Picture this: next week in Singapore President Donald Trump and Kim Jong Un crown their summit with a pledge to rid the Korean peninsula of nuclear weapons 2. A few days later America and China step back from a trade war 3, promising to settle their differences 4. And in the summer, as sanctions bite 5, the streets of Tehran rise up to cast off the Iranian regime 6. 7
These gains would be striking from any American president. From a man who exults in breaking foreign-policy taboos, they would be truly remarkable. But are they likely 8? And when Mr Trump seeks to bring them about with a wrecking ball aimed at allies 9 and global institutions, what is the balance of costs and benefits to America and the world? 10
Don't you ever say I just walked away
You may wonder how Mr Trump's narcissism and lack of detailed understanding could ever transform America's standing for the better. Yet his impulses matter 11, if only because he offers a new approach to old problems. Like Barack Obama, Mr Trump inherited a country tired of being 12 the world's policeman, frustrated by jihadists and rogue states like 13 Iran, and worried by the growing challenge from China. Grinding wars in 14 Afghanistan and Iraq, and the financial crisis of 2008, only deepened a sense that 15 the system of institutions, treaties 16, alliances and classically liberal values put together after 1945 was no longer benefiting ordinary Americans 17. 18
Mr Obama's solution was to call on like-mined democracies to 19 help repair and extend this world order. Hence the Iranian nuclear deal, choreographed with 20 Europe, Russia and China, which bound Iran into the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. And hence the Trans-Pacific Partnership, which sought to unite America's Asian allies around new trading rules that would one day channel Chinese ambitions 21. 22
Mr Trump has other ideas. He launched air strikes on Syria after it used nerve gas 23 in the name of 24 upholding 25 international norms 26 - and thus looked better than Mr Obama, who didn't. Otherwise he treats every relationship as a set of competitive transactions 27. When America submits to diplomatic pieties 28, conventions 29 or the sensitivities of its allies 30, he believes, it is negotiating with one hand tied behind its back 31. 32
If any country can bully the world, America can. Its total military, diplomatic, scientific, cultural and economic power is still unmatched. Obviously, that power is there to be exploited 33, which is why every president, including Mr Obama, has used it to get his way abroad even if that involves threats, intimidation and, occasionally, deception. But it is hard to think of a president who bullies as gleefully as 34 Mr Trump. No other modern president has routinely treated America's partners so shoddily 35 or eschewed the idea of 36 leading through alliances. None has so conspicuously failed to 37 clothe the application of 38 coercive power 39 in the claim to 40 be acting for the global good. 41
In the short term some of Mr Trump's aims 42 may yet succeed 43. Iran's politics are unpredictable and the economy is weak. Mr Kim probably wants a deal of some sort, though not full disarmament 44. On trade, China would surely 45 prefer accommodation to 46 confrontation 47. 48
Yet in the long run his approach will not work. He starts from false premises 49. He is wrong to think that every winner creates a loser or that a trade deficit 50 signifies a "bad deal" 51. He is wrong, too, to think that America loses by taking on the costs of global leadership 52 and submitting itself to 53 rules 54. On the contrary 55, rules help deter 56 aggressors 57, shape countries' behavior, safeguard American interests 58 and create a mechanism to help 59 solve problems from trade to climate change. RAND, a non-partisan 60 think-tank, has spent two years assessing the costs and benefits of the postwar order for 61 America. It powerfully endorses the vision that 62 Mr Trump sneers at 63 - indeed, it concludes, this order is vital for 64 America's security. 65
Mr Trump's antics would matter less if they left the world order 66 unscathed 67. But four years will spread anarchy 68 and hostility 69. The trading system will be unable to enforce old rules or forge new ones 70. Short of a war with, say, Russia 71, America's allies will be less inclined to follow its lead. In Europe more voices 72 may complain that sanctions against 73 Russia are harmful. In Asia countries may hedge against 74 America's unreliability 75 by cosying up to China 76 or by arming themselves, accelerating 77 a destabilizing 78 arms race 79. Countries everywhere will be freer to act with impunity 80. These changes will be hard to reverse 81. Sooner or later 82, America will bear some of the costs 83. 84
Worst of all, Mr Trump's impulses mean that China's rise is 85 more likely to end in confrontation 86. He is right to detect 87 a surge in 88 Chinese ambitions after the financial crisis and the arrival of Xi Jinping in 2012. That justifies toughness 89. But Mr Trump's dark, zero-sum 90 outlook is 91 destined to lead to antagonism 92 and rivalry 93, because it refuses to see that China's rise could benefit America or to follow the logic that China might be content to live within a system of 94 rules that it has helped devise. 95
I just closed my eyes and swung
If the "master negotiator" so underestimates what he is giving up, how can he strike a good bargain for his people? He values neither the world trading system nor allies, so he may be willing to wreck it for 96 the empty promise of 97 smaller bilateral deficits 98. That could lead to retaliation 99. Iran could resume nuclear work 100, as ruling clerics 101 ape North Korea's strategy of 102 arming themselves before talking. Mr Trump may give Mr Kim the prize of a summit and an easing of sanctions in exchange for 103 a curb on 104 North Korea's long-range 105 ballistic missiles. That would protect America (and be better than war), but it would leave Asian allies vulnerable to the North's nukes. America First today; in the long run America Alone. 106
America's unique willingness to lead by fusing power 107 and legitimacy saw off 108 the Soviet Union and carried it to hegemony 109. The world order it engineered 110 is the vehicle for that philosophy 111. But Mr Trump prefers to fall back on the old idea that 112 might is right. His impulses may begin to impose 113 a new geopolitics 114, but they will not serve America or the world for long 115. Remember the words of Henry Kissinger: order cannot simply be ordained 116; to be enduring 117, it must be accepted as just 118. 119
- strike a deal with ; …와 거래하다. [본문으로]
- crown ; 3. MAKE COMPLETE | [타동사][VN] [흔히 수동태로] ~ sth (with sth) (업적・성공을 보탬으로써) 완성하다[완벽하게 하다] [본문으로]
- rid ; 고어(~, [고어] ~·ded; ~·ding) 1. (…에게서) 없애다, 제거[구축]하다; (…으로부터) 자유롭게 하다, 면하게 하다 ((of)) [본문으로]
- step back from ; …에서 물러나다. [본문으로]
- settle one's differences (with) ; 차이를 해결하다, (~와)화해하다 [본문으로]
- bite ; 4. HAVE EFFECT | [자동사][V] 악영향이 나타나다 [본문으로]
- cast (sth) off ; ~을 (던져/벗어) 버리다 [본문으로]
- exult in ; …에 크게 기뻐하다. ;; 미국∙영국 [ɪg|zʌlt] [본문으로]
- likely ; 2. 있음직한, …함직한(probable); 정말 같은 ;; 3. 적당한(suitable), 알맞은 ((for)) ;; 4. 가망 있는, 유망한(promising) [본문으로]
- wrecking ball ; [명사] 레킹 볼(철거할 건물을 부수기 위해 크레인에 매달고 휘두르는 쇳덩이) [본문으로]
- standing ; 1. [U] (단체・조직 내에서의) 지위[평판] ;; 2. [U] 지속 (기간) ; 참고 long-standing [본문으로]
- impulse ; 2. [UC/] (마음의) 충동, 충동적인 행위; 변덕, 일시적 감정 ;; 미국∙영국 [|ɪmpʌls] [본문으로]
- inherit ; . [타동사][VN] (업무 등을) 물려[이어]받다 ;; 3. (전임자로부터) 인계받다, 물려받다 ((from)) [본문으로]
- rogue state ; [명사] 불량(배) 국가, 테러 지원국. ;; 동의어 ; rogue nation, terrorist state. [본문으로]
- grinding ; [형용사] (명사 앞에만 씀) 힘든 상황이 끝도 없이 계속되는 [본문으로]
- deepen ; 1. (감정・느낌이[을]) 깊어지다[깊게 하다] ;; 2. 악화되다; 악화시키다 ;; 3. (깊이가[를]) 더 깊어지다[깊게 하다] ;; 4. [타동사][VN] (지식・이해를) 깊게 하다[심화시키다] [본문으로]
- treaty ; [명사] pl. -ies 조약 [본문으로]
- benefit ; [타동사] (-t(t) -) …에게 도움이 되다, 이롭다. [본문으로]
- call on ; [동사] 요청하다, 촉구하다; 시키다; 방문하다. ;; 동의어 ; ask, request; visit. [본문으로]
- like-minded ; [형용사] 생각[뜻]이 비슷한 [본문으로]
- choreograph ; [타동사][VN] 안무를 하다; (쇼 등을 연출하다) ; be choreographed with ; 흐름상 "함께 작업하다, 협력하다" 정도의 의미 [본문으로]
- channel ; 2. <물 등을> 수로[도관]로 나르다; <정보·관심·노력 등을> (어떤 방향으로) 돌리다, 전하다, 보내다 ((into)) [본문으로]
- air strike ; [명사] 공습 [본문으로]
- nerve gas ; [명사] 신경가스(독가스의 일종) [본문으로]
- in the name of ; 3. ~라는 명목으로[미명 아래] [본문으로]
- uphold ; (up・held , up・held / -'held /), [vn] 1. (법・원칙 등을) 유지시키다[옹호하다] [본문으로]
- norm ; 2. [pl.] norms 규범, 규준 [본문으로]
- transaction ; 2. 업무, 거래;[종종 pl.] ((특히)) 상거래, 매매 [본문으로]
- pieties ; [NOUN] You refer to statements about what is morally right as pieties when you think they are insincere or unrealistic. [본문으로]
- convention ; 1. [C , U] 관습, 관례 ;; 3. [C] (국가나 지도자 간의) 조약[협약] [본문으로]
- sensitivity ; 3. BEING EASILY UPSET | [U , C] [주로 복수로] (사람이) 예민함[민감함] (그래서 상처를 잘 받음) ;; 5. TO FOOD/COLD/LIGHT, etc. | [U , C] (주로 복수로 전문 용어) (식품・추위・빛 등에 대한) 민감성 [본문으로]
- with one hand[arm] tied behind one's back ; 아주 간단하게; 수월하게; 불리한 조건 하에서; 간단히 [본문으로]
- unmatched ; [형용사] ~ (by sb/sth) (격식) (아무도) 필적할 수 없는, 타의 추종을 불허하는 ;; 상대가 없는, 무적의, 비길 데 없는(matchless); 균형이 잡히지 않는, 부조화의 [본문으로]
- exploit ; [타동사] 3. (최대한 잘) 활용하다 [본문으로]
- gleefully ; [부사] 유쾌하게. [본문으로]
- shoddily ; [부사] 재생 털실로 만들어; 조잡하게, 위조로. ;; shoddy ; [형용사] (shod・dier , shod・di・est) 1. (상품・작품 등이) 조잡한 ;; 2. 부정직한, 부당한 [본문으로]
- eschew ; [타동사][VN] (격식) 피하다, 삼가다 ;; 미국∙영국 [ɪs|tʃu:] [본문으로]
- conspicuously ; [부사] 눈에 띄게, 두드러지게 [본문으로]
- application ; 2. PRACTICAL USE | [U , C] ~ (of sth) (to sth) 적용, 응용 ;; 4. OF RULE/LAW | [U] (법의) 적용 [본문으로]
- coercive ; (격식) 강압[강제]적인 ;; 미국식 [koʊ|ɜ:rsɪv] 영국식 [kəʊ|ɜ:sɪv] [본문으로]
- clothe ; 3. (권력·영광 따위를) …에게 부여하다, 주다[with, in]; 〔사상 따위〕를 표현하다[in]. [본문으로]
- in the short term ; 단기적으로 [본문으로]
- aim ; 2. 목적, 뜻, 의도, 계획 [본문으로]
- succeed ; 1. [자동사][V] ~ (in doing sth) (하려던 일에) 성공하다 ;; 참고 ; success [본문으로]
- disarmament ; [U] (특히 핵무기의) 군비 축소 ;; 참고 ; armament [본문으로]
- surely ; 3. (격식) 의심의 여지없이, 틀림없이 [본문으로]
- accommodation ; 3. [C , U] (격식) 합의; 협상 [본문으로]
- confrontation ; [UC/] 1. 대면, 직면, 대립 ((with)); (법정 등에서의) 대결; (비교·검토를 위한) 대조; 교전, 전투 [본문으로]
- in the long run ; (앞으로 길게 보았을 때) 결국에는, 오래 달려간 끝에, 결국은, 장기적으로는 [본문으로]
- premise ; (英 또한 드물게 prem・iss) (격식) (주장의) 전제 ;; 미국∙영국 [|premɪs] [본문으로]
- deficit ; 1. (경제) 적자 참고 surplus ;; 2. 부족액; 결손 [본문으로]
- signify ; (sig・ni・fies , sig・ni・fy・ing , sig・ni・fied , sig・ni・fied), (격식) 1. 의미하다, 뜻하다, 나타내다 [본문으로]
- take on ; 1. (일 등을) 맡다; (책임을) 지다 [본문으로]
- submit oneself to sth; …에 따르다[복종하다]; …을 받다[감수하다] [본문으로]
- rules ; (법률) 규칙 [본문으로]
- on the contrary ; 그와는 반대로 [본문으로]
- deter ; 2. …을 방지[방해]하다. [본문으로]
- aggressor ; [명사] (먼저) 공격[침략]을 한 사람[국가] ;; 침략자[국], (정당한 이유 없는) 공격자. [본문으로]
- safeguard ;[타동사] ~ sth/sb (against/from sth) | ~ against sth (격식) (분실・손상 등에 대비하여) 보호하다 ;; defend, convoy, protect [본문으로]
- mechanism ; 2. (목적을 달성하기 위한) 방법, 메커니즘 [본문으로]
- non-partisan ; [형용사] (주로 명사 앞에 씀) 초당적인, 초당파의 ;; 참고 nonpartisanship [본문으로]
- postwar ; [형용사] 전후(戰後)의(opp. prewar); 2차 세계 대전 후의 [본문으로]
- vision ; 2. [U] [관사 없이] (시인·정치가 등의) 상상력, 직감력, 통찰력; 미래상, 비전; 선견지명 [본문으로]
- sneer at ; …을 비웃다. [본문으로]
- be vital for ; …에 필요불가결한. [본문으로]
- antics ; [pl.] 1. 익살스러운 행동 ;; 2. 터무니없는[위험한] 행동 ;; 미국∙영국 [|ӕntɪks] [본문으로]
- world order ; (정치학) <용어>세계질서 [본문으로]
- unscathed ; [형용사] (명사 앞에는 안 씀) 다치지 않은, 아무 탈 없는 ;; 미국∙영국 [ʌn|skeɪðd] [본문으로]
- anarchy ; [U] 1. 무정부 상태, 무법 상태. ;; 2. (정치적·사회적) 혼란[난맥] 상태, 무질서 상태; (일반적으로) 무질서, 혼란. ;; 미국식 [|ӕnərki] 영국식 [|ӕnəki] [본문으로]
- hostility ; 1. [U] ~ (to/towards sb/sth) 적의, 적대감, 적개심 ;; 2. [U] ~ (to/towards sth) (생각・계획 등에 대한) 강한 반대[반감] [본문으로]
- forge ; 1. [타동사][VN] 구축하다 [본문으로]
- short of (doing) sth ; ~(하는 것) 외에; ~이 일어나지 않는 한 [본문으로]
- voice ; 7. [문어] 의견, 선택, 판단; 요청 ;; 3. [U, C] 발언, 표현, 발성 능력; (표명된) 의견, 소원, 선택. [본문으로]
- sanction ; 1. [C] [주로 복수로] ~ (against sb) 제재 ;; 3. [C] ~ (against sth) 처벌, 벌칙 [본문으로]
- hedge against ; (특히 금전적 손실에) 대비하다 [본문으로]
- unreliability ; [U] 신뢰[의지]할 수 없음, 믿을 수 없음 [본문으로]
- cosy up to sb ; (특히 자기에게 쓸모가 있을 것 같은 사람에게) 친하게 굴다 [본문으로]
- accelerate ; 1. 가속화되다; 가속화하다 [본문으로]
- destabilize ; …의 안정을 깨다, …을 불안정하게 하다; 〔정부·정권 따위〕를 약체화시키다, 동요시키다. [본문으로]
- arms race ; [명사] 군비 확장 경쟁 [본문으로]
- with impunity ; 벌을 받지 않고, 무사히 [본문으로]
- reverse ; [자동사] 1. 거꾸로 되다; 되돌아가다, 역행하다; (기관 따위가) 역전하다 [본문으로]
- sooner or later ; 조만간[머잖아], 이내(곧) [본문으로]
- bear ; 3. BE RESPONSIBLE FOR STH | [타동사][VN] (격식) (책임 등을) 떠맡다[감당하다] [본문으로]
- worst of all ; 무엇보다도 나쁜 것은 [본문으로]
- rise ; 3. IN POWER/IMPORTANCE | [sing.] ~ (of sb/sth) 성공, 출세; 발흥 ;; 미국∙영국 [raɪz] [본문으로]
- end in ; 1. ~으로 끝나다 ;; 2. (어떤 결과로) 끝나다 [본문으로]
- detect ; 1. <나쁜 짓 등을> 발견하다; 간파하다, <정체 등을> 탐지하다, 인지하다 ;; 동의어 ; discover [본문으로]
- surge ; 2. ~ (in/of sth) 급증, 급등 ;; 참고 ; upsurge [본문으로]
- toughness ; [명사] 단단함; 찰기가 많음; 억셈. [본문으로]
- zero-sum ; 합이 영[제로]의(게임 이론 등에서 한쪽의 득점이 다른 쪽에 같은 수의 실점이 되는)(opp. positive-sum). [본문으로]
- outlook ; 1. [주로 단수로] ~ (on sth) (특정 개인・집단・문화가 가진 인생・세계에 대한) 관점, 세계관, 인생관 [본문으로]
- antagonism ; [U , pl.] ~ (to/toward(s) sb/sth) | ~ (between A and B) 적의, 적대감 [본문으로]
- rivalry ; [C , U] (pl. -ries) ~ (with sb/sth) (for sth) | ~ (between A and B) (for sth) 경쟁 (의식) [본문으로]
- be content to ; 기꺼이 …하다 [본문으로]
- strike[make] a bargain[deal] with sb ; come to an agreement (with somebody), especially after a lot of discussion or argument [본문으로]
- wreck ; 2. ~ sth (for sb) 엉망으로 만들다, 결딴내다 [본문으로]
- empty promise ; (idiomatic) A promise that is either not going to be carried out, worthless or meaningless. [본문으로]
- deficit ; 1. (경제) 적자 ;; 참고 ; surplus [본문으로]
- retaliation ; [U] ~ (against sb/sth) (for sth) 보복, 앙갚음 [본문으로]
- resume ; (격식) 1. 재개하다[되다], 다시 시작하다[되다] [본문으로]
- cleric ; 1. (구식 또는 격식) 성직자 ;; 2. (종교의 종류에 상관없이) 종교 지도자 ;; 미국∙영국 [|klerɪk] [본문으로]
- ape ; [vn] 1. (英 못마땅함) (무엇을 제대로 하지 못하고) 겨우 흉내만 내다 ;; 2. (특히 美) (웃기려고) 흉내내다 [본문으로]
- in exchange for ; ~대신의, 교환으로 [본문으로]
- a curb on ; …에 대한 억제[제한]. [본문으로]
- long-range ; [명사 앞에만 씀] 1. 장거리를 가는 [본문으로]
- willingness ; [명사] [U] 쾌히[자진하여] 하기; 기꺼이 하는 마음 [본문으로]
- fuse ; [자, 타동사] 녹이다, 녹다; 용해[융해]시키다[하다], 용화(溶和)시키다[하다]; 융합시키다[하다](blend); 연합[합동]하다 ;; ORIGIN Latin ;「녹이다」의 뜻에서 [본문으로]
- see (sb) off ; 1. ~를 배웅[전송]하다 ;; 2. (英) ~를 쫓아내다 ;; 3. (英) (경기·싸움 등에서) ~를 물리치다 [본문으로]
- hegemony ; [U , C] (pl. -ies) (격식) 헤게모니, 패권 ;; 미국식 [hɪ|dƷemoʊni] 영국식 [hɪ|dƷeməni ; -|ge- ; |hedƷɪməni] [본문으로]
- engineer ; 1. (흔히 못마땅함) 수작을 부리다, (일을) 꾀하다[획책하다] ;; 2. [주로 수동태로] (설계해서) 제작하다 [본문으로]
- a vehicle for ; …의 수단. [본문으로]
- fall back on sb/sth ; (수동태로는 안 씀) ~에 기대다[의지하다] ;; …까지 후퇴하다. [본문으로]
- impose ; 2. [타동사][VN] ~ sth (on/upon sb/sth) (힘들거나 불쾌한 것을) 부과하다[지우다] ;; 3. [타동사][VN] ~ sth (on/upon sb) (의견 등을) 강요하다 [본문으로]
- geopolitics ; [NOUN] Geopolitics is concerned with politics and the way that geography affects politics or relations between countries. [본문으로]
- for (so) long ; (그렇게/너무) 오랫동안 [본문으로]
- ordain ; 2. …을 (법률에 따라) 정하다, 제정하다. ;; 3. (신·운명 등이) …을 (…라고) 정하다[as, that절]; 〔남〕에게 (…하도록) 운명지우다[to do, to]. ;; 4. (법규 따위로) …을 명령하다, (…하도록) 명령하다[to do]. [본문으로]
- enduring ; [형용사] 오래가는[지속되는] ;; 참을성 있는; 영속하는, 영구적인(lasting) [본문으로]
- just ; [형용사] 1. <사람·행위 등이> 올바른, 공정한, 공평한(impartial), 공명정대한 ; 동의어 fair ;; 2. <행위가> 정당한(lawful); <요구·보수 등이> 정당한, 당연한 ;; 3. <생각 등이> 충분히 근거가 있는 ;; 4. <값이> 적정한, 적절한; <저울·숫자 등이> 정확한 ;; 5. 진실의, 사실 그대로의 [본문으로]