[Annotated] The two-year countdown to Brexit has begun

It leaves Britain little time to get through^[각주:1] a bulging^[각주:2], contentious^[각주:3] agenda

Back in October Theresa may promised to invoke^[각주:4] Article 50, the legal procedure^[각주:5] for leaving the European Union, by the end of March 2017. On March 29th the prime minister duly^[각주:6] sent a six-page letter to Donald Tusk, the president of the European Council^[각주:7] of heads of EU governments. Article 50 sets in motion^[각주:8] a negotiating process with a two-year time limit that can be extended only by unanimous agreement^[각주:9] of all EU governments. Mrs May told Parliament this was a time for the country to come together^[각주:10]. And in her letter she promised her European partners (seven times) that she wanted a "deep and special partnership" with the EU.

No doubt mindful of^[각주:11] the two-year deadline, the response from Brussels was swift^[각주:12]. Mr Tusk issued a curt^[각주:13] acknowledgement^[각주:14] and said he would publish draft guidelines^[각주:15] for the negotiations shortly. He confirmed that, after debate among EU governments, the European Council would meet on April 29th to approve the guidelines; later, governments will approve a negotiating^[각주:16] mandate^[각주:17] for the European Commission. The April meeting will fall between the two rounds of France's presidential election, giving leaders something else to chew over^[각주:18]. They will also have in mind^[각주:19] Germany's election in September. 

A discussion that has so far mainly been among parties at home will now shift to^[각주:20] the real battleground, between Britain and its EU partners. The British team will find that, for those partners, unity of^[각주:21] the 27 is the main goal. Mr Tusk's response says that the EU's priority is to minimize uncertainty for "our citizens, businesses and member states^[각주:22]". And although the constructive^[각주:23] tone of Mrs May's letter was welcomed, many jibbed at^[각주:24] her threat to link^[각주:25] security and the fight against crime and terrorism to securing a trade deal. 

The first tussle^[각주:26] with Michel Barnier, a former French foreign minister who is the commission^[각주:27]'s Brexit negotiator, will be over whether the talks should start with the terms of divorce^[각주:28] and only later discuss a trade deal. This is what the European Council wants. Mrs May will argue that both issues should be negotiated simultaneously^[각주:29], since Article 50 talks of a settlement^[각주:30] "taking account of^[각주:31] the framework of [a leaving country's] future relationship". But the others are likely to stand firm.

Splendid^[각주:32] integration^[각주:33]

One reason for this is that the divorce talks alone will be difficult enough. The commission's negotiating mandate will include agreeing on the rights of 3m EU citizens to stay in Britain and 1m Britons to stay in EU countries; finding some way to avert^[각주:34] a hard border between Northern Ireland and the Irish republic; and settling the exit bill that it claims Britain must pay. The first should be uncontroversial^[각주:35], though it may take some time to settle. The second will be testing, because Britain's plan to leave the EU's single market and customs union^[각주:36] seems to imply^[각주:37] border controls^[각주:38]. Yet it is the third that could be the most explosive^[각주:39].

The commission claims that past commitments^[각주:40] plus future obligations^[각주:41] mean that Britain owes^[각주:42] the EU as much as €60bn ($65bn). It believes this debt could be enforced^[각주:43] at the International Court of Justice^[각주:44]. Mrs May's letter refers to^[각주:45] the matter only obliquely^[각주:46]. David Davis, her Brexit secretary, likes to quote a report from the House of Lords^[각주:47] citing^[각주:48] legal advice^[각주:49] that, after Brexit, Britain will owe the EU nothing. More fanciful Brexiteers even claim that the EU owes Britain money for its share in the capital of the European Investment Bank.

Rows over^[각주:50] money have always been the bitterest of all in the EU. The departure of^[각주:51] such a big net^[각주:52] contributor^[각주:53] will cause pain, one reason why the commission has talked up^[각주:54] the size of the exit bill. The voting rules^[각주:55] under Article 50 do not make Britain's position any easier. The divorce settlement^[각주:56] must be approved by a "qualified^[각주:57] majority" of EU countries, excluding Britain, and by the European Parliament^[각주:58]. The parliament's Brexit point-man^[각주:59], Guy Verhofstadt, threatens to cause trouble. 

There is a serious risk that the budget row will blow up the talks before they start. Mr Barnier has tried to avoid this by suggesting it is possible to agree to some broad principles for a settlement and leave the exact amounts for later haggling^[각주:60]. That could take place when the discussion moves on to future trading arrangements^[각주:61]. Alas, these could prove even harder to settle than the Article 50 divorce itself.

Mrs May has made clear that her priorities are to take back control of^[각주:62] migration, breaching^[각주:63] the EU's principle of free movement of people, and to escape the jurisdiction^[각주:64] of the European Court of Justice (ECJ). This means, as she accepts, that Britain must leave the EU's single market and customs union^[각주:65]. She rejects off-the-shelf^[각주:66] models for a new trade relationship. Instead, she wants a bespoke^[각주:67] free-trade deal that gives, to the maximum extent^[각주:68] possible, barrier-free access to each other's market.

This will be tricky to agree on, and even harder to ratify^[각주:69]. In many countries the opponents of free trade will stand in the way^[각주:70]. Negotiations take years: they started between Canada and the EU in 2007 and the resultant^[각주:71] CETA deal is still not fully in force^[각주:72]. The rules for approving a Britain-EU free-trade deal will be a problem, for as a "mixed" agreement it must be ratified by all national parliaments^[각주:73] in the EU as well as regional ones (including Wallonia's, which almost kiboshed^[각주:74] CETA).

Tangled up in^[각주:75] red tape 

Substituting^[각주:76] new rules for those of the single market is even more complicated than agreeing on a free-trade deal, for they intrude into^[각주:77] almost every part of business activity^[각주:78]. A special number of the Oxford Review of Economic Policy gives an idea of the vast spread of^[각주:79] policies that must be changed post-Brexit. Besides the economic and legal impacts, it includes chapters on a new migration regime^[각주:80], financial-services^[각주:81] regulation, competition policy^[각주:82], regional aid, state aid, industrial policy^[각주:83], transport^[각주:84], agricultural^[각주:85] support and higher education.

Against a tight deadline, the complexity of these issues will be a huge challenge. Anand Menon of King's College, London, director of The UK in a Changing Europe, and academic network, reckons the Brexit negotiations will be the most difficult and complicated that any post-war government has faced. The Institute for Government, a think-tank, adds that Britain's civil service is at its smallest since the war; it also notes gaps in the staffing of^[각주:86] the relevant departments. 

Trade negotiators insist a deal will take longer than two years. Some Brexiteers disagree, pointing out that, unlike normal trade talks, the two sides start in complete convergence^[각주:87], since Britain has been an EU member for 44 years. To cement this^[각주:88], they note that the misnamed^[각주:89] Great Repeal Bill, promised by the government this week, will translate almost all current EU laws into British law^[각주:90]. Yet it is not the starting point^[각주:91] that matters, but what happens when a post-Brexit Britain freed from^[각주:92] the ECJ begins to diverge from^[각주:93] the EU's norms^[각주:94].

In truth, the nub of^[각주:95] the single market is not its scrapping of tariffs^[각주:96] or even customs checks, but its getting rid of myriad^[각주:97] non-tariff barriers thrown up by different rules and standards. The government is hinting that, for practical reasons, it might stick with^[각주:98] some EU regulators (such as, perhaps, the European Medicines Agency) for some time after Brexit. But as Mujtaba Rahman of the Eurasia Group, a consultancy, says, this ducks the point^[각주:99] that, if Britain wants to retain^[각주:100] barrier-free^[각주:101] access to the single market, it may have to observe^[각주:102] all EU regulatory standards^[각주:103] anyway.

Another argument from Brexiteers confronted by^[각주:104] Article 50's two-year deadline is that there is little to fear if there is no deal at all. Mrs May herself has insisted that "no deal for Britain is better than a bad deal for Britain", though she did not repeat this in her letter. No deal means reverting to trade on^[각주:105] World Trade Organization terms^[각주:106]. As Open Britain, another think-tank, notes, this implies not just all of the EU's non-tariff barriers, but tariffs of 10% on cars, 15% on food and 36% on dairy products^[각주:107]. It would end Britain's access to the EU's trade deals with 53 other countries. Last year the Treasury said this option would reduce GDP by 7.5% after 15 years. The House of Commons^[각주:108] Foreign Affairs committee^[각주:109] recently warned against^[각주:110] the no-deal option.

If a comprehensive^[각주:111] trade agreement cannot be made in two years, an obvious conclusion follows: some transitional^[각주:112] arrangement^[각주:113] will be needed after March 2019. Mrs May's letter nods to^[각주:114] this by talking about "implementation periods^[각주:115]". The trouble is that any such arrangement may itself be hard to agree on, especially if there is lack of clarity over^[각주:116] the final destination. The simplest idea is to prolong^[각주:117] the status quo^[각주:118], but that may be hard for Mrs may to sell at home if it entails^[각주:119] both free movement of^[각주:120] people and a role for^[각주:121] the ECJ.

And then there are the implications for the United Kingdom. Some policies needing redesign^[각주:122] post-Brexit, such as fisheries, are matters for developed governments. This week the Scottich Parliament backed^[각주:123] the demand of its first minister, Nicola Sturgeon, for a second independence referendum^[각주:124]. In Northern Ireland, where attempts to form a new power-sharing^[각주:125] executive^[각주:126] have broken down^[각주:127] again, Sinn Fein is calling for^[각주:128] a referendum on whether to join the Irish republic. Mrs May has vowed to^[각주:129] protect the "precious, precious union", but she knows that both Scotland and Northern Ireland voted to stay in the EU last June.

At least she can take comfort in^[각주:130] the ineffectiveness of^[각주:131] the opposition at home. Both Labor and the UK Independence Party are beset by^[각주:132] weak leadership and internal feuding^[각주:133]. Yet her control over^[각주:134] Parliament is not absolute^[각주:135]. Her working majority^[각주:136] is just 17. Passage of^[각주:137] the Great Repeal Bill may be contentious^[각주:138], and it is only the first of up to 15 parliamentary bills necessitated by^[각주:139] Brexit. Several MPs are loudly promising to hold Mrs May and Mr Davis to account over^[각주:140] their Brexit promises. This week Sir Keir Starmer, the shadow Brexit secretary, produced six tests for judging if Labor should support the final deal, while a cross-party^[각주:141] group under the auspices of^[각주:142] Open Britain came up with ten points. The House of Lords, most of whose members are strongly anti-Brexit, may also make difficulties for Mrs May.

In the end, however, her biggest problem may not be with her opponents or with her EU partners across the negotiating table^[각주:143]. As so many previous Tory prime ministers have found, it will be with her own backbenchers^[각주:144]. Hardline^[각주:145] Brexiteers are ready to denounce^[각주:146] any compromise in^[각주:147] the negotiations as a betrayal^[각주:148]. Mrs May has raised their expectations, as well as those of voters, about the benefit of Brexit. When it becomes clear that there are costs instead, she may find her high popularity ratings^[각주:149] fast withering away^[각주:150].     

1. get through ; (정식으로) 통과하다[~을 통과시키다] [본문으로]
2. bulging ; [형용사] 불거져[튀어] 나온 [본문으로]
3. contentious ; (격식) 1. 논쟁을 초래할 (듯한) [본문으로]
4. invoke ; 1. ~ sth (against sb) (법・규칙 등을) 들먹이다[적용하다] [본문으로]
5. legal procedure ; 소송 절차, 법적 절차 [본문으로]
6. duly ; 2. 적절한 때에, 때를 맞춰 [본문으로]
7. European Council ; [명사] 유럽 이사회(EU 회원국 정상 회의). [본문으로]
8. [put]set in motion ; ~에 시동을 걸다, 활기를 띠게 하다. ; do what is necessary to make a start on a project, plan, meeting, etc [본문으로]
9. unanimous agreement ; 완전한 합의, 만장일치 [본문으로]
10. come together ; (하나로) 합치다 [본문으로]
11. mindful of ; …을 유념하는. [본문으로]
12. swift ; 1. ~ (to do sth) (일・진행 등이) 신속한[재빠른] [본문으로]
13. curt ; [형용사] 사람의 태도나 행동이 퉁명스러운 [본문으로]
14. acknowledgement ; 3. [C] 답신, 접수 통지 [본문으로]
15. draft guideline ; 지침 초안 [본문으로]
16. negotiating ; 협상 (cf. negotiable 협상할 수 있는) [본문으로]
17. mandate ; 1. ~ (to do sth) | ~ (for sth) (선거에 의해 국민들로부터 정부나 다른 조직에게 주어지는) 권한 [본문으로]
18. chew over ; ~을 곰곰이 생각하다[차근차근 논의하다] [본문으로]
19. have / keep ~ in mind ; (특히 특정 일자리 등에 대해) ~을 염두에 두다[생각하다] [본문으로]
20. shift to ; …로 옮기다. [본문으로]
21. unity ; (pl. -ies) 1. [U , sing.] 통합, 통일 [본문으로]
22. member state ; 회원국. [본문으로]
23. constructive ; [형용사] 건설적인 [본문으로]
24. jib at ; 난색을 보이다 [본문으로]
25. link ; 3. 관련이 있다고 말하다, 관련[연결]시키다 [본문으로]
26. tussle ; [명사] ~ (for/over sth) (특히 무엇을 차지하기 위한) 몸싸움, 드잡이 [본문으로]
27. commission ; 1. OFFICIAL GROUP | [C] 흔히 Commission (보통 정부의 위임을 받은) 위원회[위원단] [본문으로]
28. terms ; [pl.], (참고: contradiction , equal , speak , uncertain) 1. (합의・계약 등의) 조건 [본문으로]
29. simultaneously ; [부사] 동시에 ((with)); 일제히 [본문으로]
30. settlement ; 1. [C] (분쟁 등을 끝내는 공식적인) 합의 [본문으로]
31. take account of ; ~을 고려하다[감안하다] ;; 동의어 take something into account [본문으로]
32. splendid ; (특히 英) 1. (구식) 정말 좋은[멋진], 훌륭한 [본문으로]
33. integration ; 1. [U , C] 통합 [본문으로]
34. avert ; 2. ~ your eyes, gaze, face (from sth) (~에서) 눈[얼굴]을 돌리다[외면하다] [본문으로]
35. uncontroversial ; [형용사] 논란의 여지가 없는[적은] ;; 참고 non-controversial [본문으로]
36. customs union ; [명사] 관세 동맹 [본문으로]
37. imply ; 3. [타동사][VN] (생각・행동 등이 성공하려면 무엇이 필요함을) 의미하다 [본문으로]
38. border control ; 출입국관리 [본문으로]
39. explosive ; 2. (폭력・분노・증오를) 촉발하는 [본문으로]
40. commitment ; 4. [U , C] ~ (of sth) (to sth) (돈・시간・인력의) 투입 [본문으로]
41. obligation ; 1. [U] (법적・도의적) 의무(가 있음) [본문으로]
42. owe ; [진행형으로는 쓰이지 않음] 1. ~ sth (to sb) (for sth) | ~ (sb) sth (for sth) (돈을) 빚지고 있다 [본문으로]
43. enforce ; 1. ~ sth (on/against sb/sth) (법률 등을) 집행[시행/실시]하다 [본문으로]
44. the International Court of Justice ; [the ~] 국제 사법 재판소 ((World Court의 공식명; 略 ICJ)) [본문으로]
45. refer to ; ~을 나타내다[~와 관련 있다] [본문으로]
46. obliquely ; [부사] 비스듬히 (기울어져); 부정하게; 간접으로 [본문으로]
47. the House of Lords ; [명사] (영국에서) 상원 [본문으로]
48. cite ; [vn], (격식) 1. ~ sth (as sth) (이유・예를) 들다[끌어 대다] 2. 인용하다 [본문으로]
49. legal advice ; [명사] 법률상담 (조언) [본문으로]
50. row ; (비격식 특히 英) 1. [C] ~ (about/over sth) (사람・조직 등 간의) 심각한 의견 대립 [본문으로]
51. departure ; 3. [C] ~ (from sth) (정도・일상 등으로부터) 벗어남[일탈] [본문으로]
52. net ; [형용사] [A] 에누리 없는; 순(純)…, 정(正)…(opp. gross) [본문으로]
53. contributor ; 2. 기부[기여]자 [본문으로]
54. talk up ; ~을 (실제보다 더) 좋게 말하다 [본문으로]
55. voting rule ; 투표 규칙 [본문으로]
56. divorce settlement ; 이혼 합의 사항 [본문으로]
57. qualified ; 1. ~ (for sth) 자격(증)이 있는 [본문으로]
58. the European Parliament ; [명사] 유럽 연합 의회 [본문으로]
59. point-man ; 핵심인물, 자문위원 [본문으로]
60. haggling ; 흥정, 에누리 [본문으로]
61. trading arrangement ; 무역협정 [본문으로]
62. take back control of ; ~에 대한 권한, 통제력을 되찾다 [본문으로]
63. breach ; [vn] 1. (합의나 약속을) 위반하다[어기다] [본문으로]
64. jurisdiction ; (격식) 1. [U , C] ~ (over sb/sth) | ~ (of sb/sth) (to do sth) 관할권; 사법권 [본문으로]
65. customs union ; [명사] 관세 동맹 [본문으로]
66. off-the-shelf ; [형용사] 재고품의, 출하 대기의; 기성품인, (특별히 디자인하거나 주문하지 않고) 규격품으로[바로 살 수 있는] [본문으로]
67. bespoke ; [주로 명사 앞에 씀], (특히 英 격식) 1. (美 주로 'custom-|made) (제품이) (개인 주문에 따라) 맞춘 [본문으로]
68. extent ; [sing., U] 1. (크기・중요성・심각성 등의) 정도[규모] [본문으로]
69. ratify ; [타동사][VN] (rati・fies , rati・fy・ing , rati・fied , rati・fied) 비준[재가]하다 [본문으로]
70. stand[be] in the way ; 방해, 장애가 되다. [본문으로]
71. resultant ; [형용사] (명사 앞에만 씀) (격식) (앞에 언급한) 그 결과로 생긴[그에 따른] [본문으로]
72. be in force[operation] ; 시행되고 있다 [본문으로]
73. national parliament ; 국회 [본문으로]
74. kibosh ; [VERB] to put a stop to [본문으로]
75. tangle up ; to twist something into an untidy mass; to become twisted in this way [본문으로]
76. substitute ; ~ A (for B) | ~ B (with/by A) | ~ for sb/sth 대신하다, 대치[교체]되다; 대용[교체/대치]하다 [본문으로]
77. intrude into ; 1. ~ (into/on/upon sb/sth) (남이 원치 않거나 가서는 안 될 곳에) 자기 마음대로 가다[침범하다] [본문으로]
78. business activity ; [명사] 사업활동, 경영활동 [본문으로]
79. spread ; [명사] 2. RANGE/VARIETY | [C] [주로 단수로] 다양성, 폭넓음 [본문으로]
80. regime ; 2. 제도, 체제 [본문으로]
81. financial services ; [명사] 금융 서비스 [본문으로]
82. competition policy ; (지식경제용어) 경쟁정책 [본문으로]
83. industrial policy ; 산업 정책 [본문으로]
84. transport ; 3. [U] (trans・por・ta・tion 美, 英) (특히 英 또한) 운송, 수송, 운송업 [본문으로]
85. agricultural ; [형용사] 농업의, 농사[농예]의, 농학(상)의 [본문으로]
86. staffing ; [명사] 직원 채용 [본문으로]
87. complete convergence ; 완전한 수렴 [본문으로]
88. cement ; [vn] 1. [흔히 수동태로] ~ A and B (together) A와 B를 접합시키다 [본문으로]
89. misname ; [동사] (주로 수동태로) 이름을 잘못 붙이다[부르다] [본문으로]
90. translate ... into ; 3. ~ (sth) (into sth) (다른 형태로) 바꾸다[옮기다]; 바뀌다 [본문으로]
91. starting point ; 1. ~ (for sth) (토론 등의) 출발점[기점] [본문으로]
92. free from ; …을 면한, …의 염려가 없는 [본문으로]
93. diverge from ; …에서 나뉘다, 벗어나다 ;; diverge from the norm ; 규범을 벗어나다 [본문으로]
94. norm ; (경영) 규준/규범 [본문으로]
95. nub ; [sing.] the ~ (of sth) 요지, 핵심 [본문으로]
96. scrapping of tariffs ; 관세의 폐지, 페기 [본문으로]
97. myriad ; [ADJ] Myriad means having a large number or great variety. [본문으로]
98. stick with ; [VERB] to persevere with; remain faithful to [본문으로]
99. duck ; 4. ~ (out of) sth (불쾌하거나 힘든 의무・책무를) 피하다[모면하다] [본문으로]
100. retain ; [vn], (비교적 격식), (참고: retention , retentive) 1. (계속) 유지[보유]하다 [본문으로]
101. barrier-free ; [형용사] 장애물이 없는; 장애자 친화적인. [본문으로]
102. observe ; 4. [타동사][VN] (법률・규칙 등을) 준수하다 [본문으로]
103. regulatory standards ; 규정 표준, 규제 기준, 법적 기준, 규제 표준 [본문으로]
104. be confronted by[with] ; <어려움 등에> 직면하다, ~와 마주치다. [본문으로]
105. revert to sth ; 1. (이전 상태로) 되돌아가다, (과거에 하던 일을) 다시 하기 시작하다 [본문으로]
106. terms ; [pl.], (참고: contradiction , equal , speak , uncertain) 1. (합의・계약 등의) 조건 [본문으로]
107. dairy products ; 낙농 제품, 유제품 [본문으로]
108. the House of Commons ; 하원 [본문으로]
109. Foreign Affairs committee ; [명사] 하원외교위원회, 외무위원회. [본문으로]
110. warn against ; ~하지 말라고 충고, 주의, 경고하다 [본문으로]
111. comprehensive ; 1. 포괄적인, 종합적인 [본문으로]
112. transitional ; [형용사] 변천하는; 과도적인, 과도기의 [본문으로]
113. arrangement ; 3. [C , U] ~ (with sb) (to do sth) 합의, 협의 [본문으로]
114. nod to ; ~에게 고개를 끄덕이다, 동의[찬성]하다. [본문으로]
115. implementation period ; (정책) 이행 기간 [본문으로]
116. clarity over ; ~에대한 명확성 [본문으로]
117. prolong ; [타동사][VN] 연장시키다, 연장하다 [본문으로]
118. status quo ; [명사] (라틴어에서) 현재의 상황, 현상(現狀) [본문으로]
119. entail ; [동사] 수반하다 [본문으로]
120. free movement of ; ~의 자유로운 이동 [본문으로]
121. a role for ; ~의 역할 [본문으로]
122. redesign ; [명사] 재설계, 정비 ;; 사전에는 동사로 표기되어 있지만 명사로 쓰이는 많은 용례들이 있음 [본문으로]
123. back ; 2. SUPPORT | [타동사][VN] 도와주다, 지지[원조/후원]하다 [본문으로]
124. independence referendum ; 독립 국민투표 ; 흐름상 스코틀랜드가 영국으로 독립하는 것에 대한 독립투표를 말함 [본문으로]
125. power-sharing ; [명사] (여러집단・정당간의)권력 분담 [본문으로]
126. executive ; 3. [sing.+ sing./pl. v.] the executive 행정부 참고 judiciary, legislature [본문으로]
127. break down ; 결렬되다, 와해되다 [본문으로]
128. call for ; 필요로 하다, 찾다, 촉구하다, 요구하다 [본문으로]
129. vow to ; ~하기로 맹세하다, 약속하다 [본문으로]
130. take comfort in ; …을 낙으로 삼다, …에서 위안을 찾다. [본문으로]
131. ineffectiveness ; [명사] 헛됨, 무익함; 무능[무력]함. [본문으로]
132. be beset by ; ~에 시달리다, 괴롭힘당하다 [본문으로]
133. feuding ; [명사] 불화, 암투, 반목 ;; 사전에는 형용사로 표기되어 있지만 명사로 쓰인 용례도 많이 있음 [본문으로]
134. control over ; …에 대한 통제. [본문으로]
135. absolute ; 1. 완전한, 완벽한 [본문으로]
136. working majority ; (politics) A majority big enough for the party or faction in power to carry through most of its legislative programme without the risk of parliamentary defeat. [본문으로]
137. passage ; 5. OF BILL IN PARLIAMENT | [sing.] (법안의) 처리[통과] [본문으로]
138. contentious ; (격식) 1. 논쟁을 초래할 (듯한) [본문으로]
139. necessitate ; [동사] (격식) …을 필요하게 만들다 [본문으로]
140. account over ; 흐름상 "화두로 올려서 추궁하거나, 다시 검증하다" 정도의 의미 [본문으로]
141. cross-party ; [형용사] 두 개 이상의 정당과 관련 있는[관계가 있는] [본문으로]
142. auspice ; 1. [보통 pl.] 원조, 찬조, 보호(patronage) [본문으로]
143. negotiating table ; [명사] (주로 신문에서 쓰여) 협상 테이블, 협상 자리 [본문으로]
144. backbencher ; [명사] 백 벤처, 평의원(영국 하원이나 일부 국가 의회에서 정부 각료나 야당 간부가 아닌 의원들. 의회에서 뒷줄에 앉음) ;; 참고 frontbencher [본문으로]
145. hardline ; [주로 명사 앞에 씀] 1. (사람이) 강경한 [본문으로]
146. denounce ; [vn], (참고: denunciation) 1. ~ sb/sth (as sth) 맹렬히 비난하다 [본문으로]
147. compromise ; 3. [U] 타협[절충](행위) [본문으로]
148. betrayal ; [U , C] 배신, 배반 [본문으로]
149. popularity rating ; [명사] (대통령, 총리 등의) 지지율, 인기도. ;; 동의어 approval rating. [본문으로]
150. wither away ; to become less or weaker, especially before disappearing completely [본문으로]