[Annotated] America, Britain and France strike Syria

America and its allies again try to deter Bashar al-Assad from^[각주:1] using chemical weapons

America, Britain and France fired a barrage of^[각주:2] missiles at targets inside Syria on April 14th. The early-morning strikes aimed to punish the regime of Bashar al-Assad for a suspected^[각주:3] chemical-weapons attack that killed dozens of people in the city of Douma a week earlier. More than 100 cruise missiles, launched from warplanes^[각주:4] and gunboats^[각주:5], struck three Syrian facilities: a scientific research centre used to produce chemical weapons near the capital of Damascus and two military bases further north. 

American officials and their European allies were careful to characterize the attack as a one-off strike^[각주:6] designed to deter Mr Assad from using chemical weapons again. America's defence secretary, Jim Mattis, who urged caution in^[각주:7] the lead-up to the attack^[각주:8], said: "We were not out to expand this; we were very precise and proportionate^[각주:9]." No more attacks are planned, said Mr Mattis, unless Mr Assad uses chemical weapons again. "This is not about intervening in a civil war^[각주:10]. It is not about regime change^[각주:11]," said Theresa May, Britain's prime minister. 

Pentagon officials^[각주:12] said the missiles first struck a scientific research centre near Damascus that develops, produces and tests^[각주:13] chemical and biological weapons. The other two facilities targeted in the strikes are located west of the city of Homs. One produces sarin gas and the other is part of a military command post^[각주:14], the officials said. Syrian state television claimed^[각주:15] some of the missiles were shot down by the government's air defence systems. Still, "a large part of [Syria's] chemical arsenal has been destroyed," Jean-Yves Le Drian, France's foreign minister, told French television. 

The attack was twice as big as one launched by America last year, which failed to deter Mr Assad. The earlier strike, involving 59 cruise missiles, was in response to^[각주:16] a chemical attack on the town of Khan Sheikhoun in Idlib province. The target, a Syrian air base^[각주:17], was back operating a day later^[각주:18] and Mr Assad has launched several suspected chemical attacks since then. 

Whether or not Mr Assad is deterred by the latest strike - and warnings of more to come if he continues gassing his people^[각주:19] - it will do little to alter^[각주:20] the the^[각주:21] course of^[각주:22] Syria's civil war. Aided by^[각주:23] Iran and Russia, Mr Assad has been wining for some time^[각주:24]. Rebels control only a few pockets of territory^[각주:25] and are largely cut off from^[각주:26] international support. As the missiles hit their targets and anti-aircraft guns lit up the sky^[각주:27], hundreds of people stopped the Syrian presidency posted on Twitter a video of Mr Assad, dressed in suit and tie, confidently^[각주:28] strolling into^[각주:29] work^[각주:30]. "The morning of resilience^[각주:31]," read the caption^[각주:32] beneath^[각주:33]. 

When announcing the attack, President Donald Trump tried to shame Iran and Russia into stopping^[각주:34] Mr Assad from using poison gas again. "To Iran and to Russia I ask: What kind of a nation wants to be associated with^[각주:35] the mass murder of innocent men, women and children?" said Mr Trump. Russia, in turn^[각주:36], threatened to respond. "We warned that such actions will not be left without consequences^[각주:37]," said Anatoly Antonov, the ambassador to^[각주:38] the United States, in a statement^[각주:39]. But neither Russia nor Iran appears to have lost men or military kit in the strike. American and French officials say they warned Russia in advance^[각주:40]. 

Mr Trump's desire to make good on his promise to punish^[각주:41] the "crimes of a monster" appear to have stalled his plans to^[각주:42] pull America out of^[각주:43] Syria. About 2,000 American troops are based in the north-east of the country, where they fight alongside a Kurdish-led force against^[각주:44] what is left of the Islamic State jihadist group. "We look forward to the day when we can bring our warriors home," said Mr Trump, while announcing the attack. But his advisers want America to stay in Syria. For this administration^[각주:45], punishing Mr Assad is likely to prove easier than devising^[각주:46] a coherent Syria policy^[각주:47]. 

1. deter ; [동사] -rr- ~ sb (from sth/from doing sth) 단념시키다, 그만두게 하다 ;; 참고 ; deterrent [본문으로]
2. barrage ; 1. [C] [주로 단수로] 일제 엄호 사격 ;; 2. [sing.] ~ (of sth) (질문 등의) 세례 [본문으로]
3. suspected ; [형용사] 미심쩍은, 의심나는 [본문으로]
4. warplane ; 군용 (비행)기; 전투기 [본문으로]
5. gunboat ; 1. 포함(砲艦); (흘수가 얕은 항만용의) 작은 포함. ;; 2. (gunboats) [美속어] 큰 구두, 장화. ;; 3. [美속어] 1갤런들이 빈 깡통. [본문으로]
6. one-off ; [명사, 형용사] (英) 한 번뿐인 (것), 한 개뿐인(것), 한 사람만의 (것) [본문으로]
7. urge caution ; 주의를 촉구하다, 권고하다, 경고하다. [본문으로]
8. lead-up ; [명사] (다른 일의) 사전 준비가 되는 것, 앞서가는 것 [본문으로]
9. proportionate ; [보통 서술적] (…에) 비례한, 균형 잡힌 ; (…에) 적응하는, 어울리는(to). ;; 참고 ; disproportionate, proportional [본문으로]
10. intervene ; 1. [자동사][V] ~ (in sth) (상황 개선을 돕기 위해) 개입하다 [본문으로]
11. regime change ; (정치학) <용어>체제의 변동 [본문으로]
12. official ; [명사] [흔히 합성어에서] (고위) 공무원[관리], 임원 ;; 미국∙영국 [ə|fɪʃl] [본문으로]
13. 관계대명사 that 과 선행사인 centre 사이에 near ~ 이하의 전치사 구를 써서 활용한 것을 확인 [본문으로]
14. command post ; [미군] 전투 사령부[지휘소] ((略 C.P.)); 본부 [본문으로]
15. state television ; 국영 통신, 국영 방송 [본문으로]
16. in response to ; (~에) 응하여, 대응하여, 답하여 [본문으로]
17. air base ; 공군 기지; 항공 기지 [본문으로]
18. operate ; 6. OF SOLDIERS | [자동사][V] (군사) 작전을 벌이다 [본문으로]
19. gas ; (-ss-) 1. KILL/HARM WITH GAS | [타동사][VN] 독가스로 살해하다[중독시키다] ;; 2. TALK | [자동사][V] [보통 진행형으로 쓰여] (구식 비격식) 길게 잡담을 하다 [본문으로]
20. alter ; 1. <모양·성질·위치 등을> 변경하다, 바꾸다; <집을> 개조하다 ;; 동의어 ; change [본문으로]
21. 오표기로 보임 [본문으로]
22. course ; 6. DEVELOPMENT | [sing.] ~ of sth 추이, 전개 [본문으로]
23. aid ; [타동사] 1. 돕다, 거들다, 원조하다 ((help보다 딱딱한 말; ⇒ help [유의어/] )) [본문으로]
24. some time ; 1. (《명사적·부사적》) 얼마 (동안) [본문으로]
25. pocket ; 4. SMALL GROUP/AREA | (주변과는 이질적인 작은) 집단[지역] ;; 참고 ; air pocket [본문으로]
26. cut sth/sb off ; to separate somebody/something/yourself physically or socially from other people or things [본문으로]
27. light up ; ~ 를 환하게 밝히다. [본문으로]
28. confidently ; [부사] 확신을 갖고, 자신 있게, 대담하게 [본문으로]
29. stroll ; 1. 한가롭게[이리저리] 거닐다(ramble, saunter) ; 산책하다(take a walk). [본문으로]
30. work ; 5. PLACE OF JOB | [U] [the 없이 쓰여] (자기가 근무하는) 직장 [본문으로]
31. resilience ; 1. 되튀기, 반동 ; 탄력(elasticity) ; 반발력. ;; 2. 원상회복력 ; 쾌활성, 활기(buoyancy, power of recovery). [본문으로]
32. read ; 7. OF A PIECE OF WRITING | [V speech] (…라고) 적혀[쓰여] 있다 [본문으로]
33. beneath ; [전치사] (격식) 1. 아래[밑]에 ;; 2. (수준 등이) …보다 못한 ;; 전치사로 문장을 마무리 한것을 확인 [본문으로]
34. shame sb into sth ; to persuade somebody to do something by making them feel ashamed not to do it [본문으로]
35. be associated with ; ~와 관련되다, 연관되다 [본문으로]
36. in turn ; 흐름상 "결국" 의 의미 [본문으로]
37. consequence ; (-quenc·es[-iz]) 1. (보통 consequences) 결과; 귀추. ;; 동의어 ; EFFECT [본문으로]
38. an ambassador to ; …(주재) 대사[사절]. [본문으로]
39. statement ; 1. [C] 성명, 진술, 서술 ;; 참고 ; fashion statement ;; 2. [C] ~ (on/about sth) 성명서, 진술서 [본문으로]
40. in advance (of sth) ; 1. (~보다) 미리[앞서]; 사전에 ;; 2. (~보다) 앞선[진보한] [본문으로]
41. make good on ; (임무 등을)수행하다, (약속 등을)지키다 ;; (transitive) To fulfill or honour (a promise etc). [본문으로]
42. stall ; 3. [타동사][VN] (어떤 일을 할 시간을 벌기 위해 사람을 잡고) 시간을 끌다 [본문으로]
43. pull (sth) out of ; ~에서 철수하다 ;; to take something out of somewhere by pulling [본문으로]
44. -led ; 1.[COMB in ADJ] [usu ADJ n] -led combines with nouns to form adjectives which indicate that something is organized, directed, or controlled by a particular person or group. ;; 2.[COMB in ADJ] -led combines with nouns to form adjectives which indicate that something is mainly caused or influenced by a particular factor. [본문으로]
45. administration ; 2-a. [[U]] 통치, 행정, 시정 ;; 2-b. [종종 the A~] [미] 정부, 내각([영] government); [U] (행정관·관리자 등의) 임기 [본문으로]
46. devise ; [타동사][VN] 창안[고안]하다 ;; 미국∙영국 [dɪ|vaɪz] [본문으로]
47. coherent ; [형용사] 3. (이야기 등이) 이치에 맞는, 조리가 선, 앞뒤가 한결같은(logically consistent). [본문으로]