[Annotated] America's damaging flip-flops in Syria

The new geopolitics of^[각주:1] the Middle East

It did not take long for America's announced withdrawal from Syria to be felt across the Middle East. The Syrian regime, along with its Russian and Iranian allies, rejoiced^[각주:2]. Arab states hurried to make up with Syria's leader^[각주:3], Bashar al-Assad. The Arab League will soon debate his return to the fold^[각주:4]. America's Kurdish allies, crying betrayal, urged him to help fend off^[각주:5] a looming Turkish invasion^[각주:6]. Israel scrambled to^[각주:7] contain the damage^[각주:8]. 

With a single tweet on December 19th - "We have defeated ISIS in Syria, my only reason for being there" - President Donald Trump has sent the region's geopolitics spinning^[각주:9] like an old mechanical airport display. It portends big changes^[각주:10]: an American exit, a triumph for Iran and Russia, the return of Syria and the repositioning of^[각주:11] everybody else. 

Mr Trump's announcement that he planned to pull out America's 2,000-odd troops from^[각주:12] eastern Syria astonished friend and foe^[각주:13] alike^[각주:14], none more than his own envoys to the region. Granted, in April last year he declared that American forces would soon leave. But in September his administration announced that, in fact, they would remain indefinitely to ensure the lasting defeat of^[각주:15] Islamic State (IS), the departure of Iranian and other foreign forces and the creation of an internationally acceptable government. On the eve of Mr Trump's about-turn^[각주:16], James Jeffrey, his special envoy for Syria, scoffed at the idea that^[각주:17] Mr Assad might simply wait for America to give up: "I think if that's his strategy, he's going to have to wait a very long time." Brett McGurk, the American envoy for the war against IS, resigned within days. 

As one Arab minister notes wearily^[각주:18]: "The decision was a total surprise. But not the fact that America changed policy. This is the fifth or sixth shift in America's position in Syria." Is Mr Trump changing his mind again? On December 30th Lindsey Graham, a Republican senator, seemed to convince Mr Trump to slow down the withdrawal^[각주:19], to take place over four months rather than one. Israel and Jordan were lobbying for American forces to remain in some areas^[각주:20], particularly Tanf in the south - a request that American officials may be ready to accede to^[각주:21]. 

By January 6th a fuller U-turn was being enacted. During a visit to Jerusalem, John Bolton, America's national security adviser^[각주:22], announced conditions for the pull-out that^[각주:23], if enforced, could leave American forces in Syria for months or perhaps years. "The timetable flows from the policy decisions that we need to implement," Mr Bolton declared. American forces would remain in Syria until IS was defeated. And he added a new requirement^[각주:24]: that Turkey should provide guarantees that it will not attack Syrian Kurdish fighters that have fought alongside the Americans. That is likely to earn Mr Bolton a frosty response on^[각주:25] the next leg of his trip^[각주:26], to Turkey. He and Mike Pompeo, the secretary of state who will also be travelling to the Middle East this week, are seeking to reassure allies about^[각주:27] America's commitment to the region^[각주:28]. But the flip-flops^[각주:29] have already damaged its credibility^[각주:30]. 

Mr Trump casts himself as^[각주:31] the antithesis of^[각주:32] Barack Obama. He ripped up his predecessor's nuclear deal with^[각주:33] Iran and reimposed sanctions on^[각주:34] its clerical regime^[각주:35], embraced Saudi Arabia and recognized Jerusalem as Israel's capital^[각주:36]. Whereas Mr Obama hesitated to^[각주:37] take military action against^[각주:38] Mr Assad for using chemical weapons in 2013, Mr Trump fired volleys of cruise missiles at Syrian bases. 

Yet Mr Trump may be more like Mr Obama than he would admit, especially in his desire to reduce America's involvement in^[각주:39] the Middle East, where presidents have suffered many failures and few successes. Regarding Syria, Mr Trump says explicitly what Mr Obama's reluctance to^[각주:40] engage implied: America has no vital interests there^[각주:41]. "There is much continuity between^[각주:42] Trump and Obama: the US does not have the answers to the complicated problems of the Middle East, and is not willing to fight a major war to try to solve them," says Philip Gordon of the Council on Foreign Relations^[각주:43], a think-tank, who had been in charge of Middle East policy in Mr Obama's White House. He argues, though, that the American operation in Syria is relatively small and cheap, and that Mr Trump's impetuous manner^[각주:44] has caused much damage. 

To many in Washington, Mr Trump is thus threatening to throw away America's cards for no benefit. It controls the oil wells that^[각주:45] produce 95% of Syria's oil and much of its gas; the waters of the Euphrates; prime agricultural land^[각주:46]; and five large military bases. 

The immediate losers are Syria's Kurds, whose dream of creating an autonomous region in^[각주:47] Syria looks imperilled^[각주:48]. Their fighters, the People's Protection Units (YPG), have proven to be the most capable allies in^[각주:49] America's fight against IS, pushing the jihadists back from the Turkish border to the Iraqi frontier^[각주:50]. America's presence, in turn^[각주:51], helped shield the YPG from attack by Turkey, which regards them as one and the same as its own Kurdish separatist^[각주:52] insurgents^[각주:53], the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).

Turkish forces last year overran^[각주:54] the Kurdish enclave of^[각주:55] Afrin west of the Euphrates; the Turks have threatened to do the same imminently^[각주:56] east of the river, where the Americans are mostly deployed. Mr Trump's withdrawal announcement came after he spoke to Turkey's president, Recep Tayyip Erdogan. Whether Mr Trump feared a clash between^[각주:57] American and Turkish troops, or accepted Mr Erdogan's promise to reduce the remaining IS enclaves^[각주:58], is unclear. A possible sale of American-made Patriot missiles may have helped their understanding. But Mr Erdogan's priority will be to push away Kurdish fighters on Turkey's border, not to fight IS, which still has thousands of fighters farther to the south. That may give the jihadists an opportunity to re-emerge^[각주:59], as they did after Mr Obama's withdrawal from Iraq in 2011. 

The biggest winner is undoubtedly^[각주:60] Mr Assad. In a war that has killed some 500,000 people and displaced about 13m^[각주:61], Mr Assad seemed on the brink of defeat in^[각주:62] 2015. But through brutal tactics - and with the help of Russia in the air, and Iran and Shia militias on the ground^[각주:63] - he has regained^[각주:64] most of his country's heartland^[각주:65]. He seems determined to keep fighting until he has recovered all his territory. 

The YPG has lost no time in calling on^[각주:66] Syrian forces to enter the district of Manbij to deter Turkey^[각주:67]. Mr Erdogan will, in any case^[각주:68], have to calibrate any action against^[각주:69] the Kurds. Russia and Iran may resist any attempt by^[각주:70] Turkey to help its hotch-potch of^[각주:71] Sunni Arab allies (jihadists linked to al-Qaeda are also mixed in with them) extend their fief^[각주:72] and control the border. "Turkey will have to be careful about the other side's red lines^[각주:73]," says Oytun Orhan, of ORSAM, a think-tank in Ankara. Failure to do so could precipitate a Syrian offensive in^[각주:74] Idlib, the last bastion of^[각주:75] the anti-Assad opposition. 

Sunni Arab states are shifting from supporting the Sunni rebels^[각주:76] to reconciliation with^[각주:77] Mr Assad. On December 16th Sudan's president, Omar al-Bashir, became the first Arab head of state to^[각주:78] visit Damascus since the Arab spring in 2011. On December 27th the United Arab Emirates re-opened its embassy in^[각주:79] Damascus. A meeting of Arab leaders in Beirut later this month is expected to discuss inviting Mr Assad to a summit in Tunisia in March. Although Saudi Arabia remains wary^[각주:80], Syrian officials see hope in the replacement of^[각주:81] the hawkish Saudi foreign minister^[각주:82], Adel al-Jubeir, by the milder Ibrahim al-Assaf. 

As with their re-engagement in^[각주:83] Iraq, Gulf Arabs hope that diplomatic ties^[각주:84] will over time give Syria reason to reduce its dependence on Iran - even though Mr Assad will forever remain indebted to it for his survival^[각주:85]. If nothing else^[각주:86], Arabs are dismayed that^[각주:87] the fate of Arab Syria is being determined mainly by non-Arab powers - Russia, Iran and Turkey. 

Iran, for its part, is urging Iraqi forces to^[각주:88] help fill the vacuum left by^[각주:89] America in Syria. Iraq's prime minister, Adel Abdul Mahdi, has offered unspecified support^[각주:90]; Iraqi planes have already been striking at IS pockets in^[각주:91] Syria. If America leaves Syria entirely, Iran will more easily be able to establish a land bridge to^[각주:92] Lebanon, supplementing^[각주:93] the air bridge^[각주:94] now in operation^[각주:95], to supply its powerful ally^[각주:96], Hizbullah. 

Having thus saved Mr Assad and enabled his rehabilitation^[각주:97], Russia is supplanting America as^[각주:98] the region's power-broker^[각주:99]. Russia may have acted as the air force of the "Shia axis", yet it has strong ties with all the main actors, including Israel and Gulf states. Its readiness to^[각주:100] stand by even its most repulsive^[각주:101] allies makes it seem^[각주:102], to Sunni Arab leaders, more reliable than^[각주:103] America. Saudi Arabia has worked closely with^[각주:104] Russia to co-ordinate^[각주:105] oil output^[각주:106]. No one could miss the exuberant high-five in^[각주:107] November between Mr Putin and Muhammad bin Salman, the Saudi crown prince who^[각주:108] is accused of ordering the murder of a journalist, Jamal Khashoggi. 

Israel, too, has long courted Russia^[각주:109]. Its prime minister, Binyamin Netanyahu, has repeatedly met Mr Putin in the hope of^[각주:110] prising him away from Iran^[각주:111], or at least ensuring that Israel can act against Iran^[각주:112] and its allies. Mr Trump promised that "we are going to take great care of Israel." He then alarmed it saying the Iranians could "frankly do whatever they want" in Syria. 

1. geopolitics ; [명사] 지정학 ;; [NOUN] Geopolitics is concerned with politics and the way that geography affects politics or relations between countries. [본문으로]
2. rejoice ; [자동사] 문어 1. 기뻐하다, 좋아하다, 축하하다 ((at, in, over)) ;; [VERB] If you rejoice, you are very pleased about something and you show it in your behaviour. [본문으로]
3. make up with ; …와 화해하다 [본문으로]
4. return[come back] to the fold ;; 옛 보금자리로 돌아가다; 원래의 신앙[단체 따위]으로 복귀하다 ;; 옛 둥지로 돌아오다. ;; fold [명사] 1. (가축, 특히 양의) 우리(pen) [본문으로]
5. fend off ; 1. ~을[~의 공격을] 막다 ; 유의어 fight off, ward off ;; 2. (질문·비난 등을) 막아내다[피하다] ; 유의어 ward off ;; to defend or protect yourself from somebody/something [본문으로]
6. looming ; [형용사] 어렴풋이 보이기 시작하는, 희미하게 나타나는; 기분 나쁜, 무시무시한 (menacing). [본문으로]
7. scramble ; [자동사] 2. 서로 쟁탈하다[빼앗다][for]; 앞을 다투어 (…하려고) 애쓰다[to do]. [본문으로]
8. contain ; 9. 〔재해·질병의 발생 따위〕를 억제하다. [본문으로]
9. send ; 6. [목적 보어와 함께] …으로 만들다, (어떤 상태에) 몰아넣다, 빠뜨리다 ((to, into)) [본문으로]
10. portend ; [타동사][VN] (격식) (특히 불길한) 전조[징후]이다 ; 유의어 foreshadow ;; [VERB] If something portends an event or occurrence, it indicates that it is likely to happen in the future. [본문으로]
11. reposition ; 1. 다른[새로운] 장소로 옮기다, …의 위치를 바꾸다 ;; [VERB] To reposition an object means to move it to another place or to change its position. [본문으로]
12. pull somebody/something out (of something) ;; ~을 (~에서) 떼어 내다[철수시키다] ; 유의어 withdraw ; 참조 ; [명사] pull-out [본문으로]
13. foe ; [명사] (구식 또는 격식) 적(敵) ;; 미국식 [foʊ] 영국식 [fəʊ] [본문으로]
14. alike ; [부사] 한결같이, 똑같이, 차별없이, 양쪽 모두. [본문으로]
15. lasting ; [형용사] (주로 명사 앞에 씀) 영속적인, 지속적인 ; 유의어 durable ; 참조 long-lasting ;; [ADJ] You can use lasting to describe a situation, result, or agreement that continues to exist or have an effect for a very long time. [본문으로]
16. about-turn (英) (aˌbout-ˈface 美, 英) ;; [sing.] (태도·계획 등의) 180도 전환, 돌변 ;; [NOUN] An about-turn is the same as an about-face. [본문으로]
17. scoff at ; 조소하다, 비웃다 [본문으로]
18. wearily ; [부사] 지쳐서; 싫증이 나서, 진력이 나서. [본문으로]
19. withdrawal ; 3. [UC] 철회, 취소 ;; 4. [UC] 철수, 철퇴, 철병(撤兵) ;; [NOUN] [usu N of n] The withdrawal of something is the act or process of removing it, or ending it. [본문으로]
20. lobby ; [자동사] (의회의 로비에서) 운동하다, 의안 통과[정책 결정]에 압력을 넣다; 이면 공작을 하다 ;; [VERB] If you lobby someone such as a member of a government or council, you try to persuade them that a particular law should be changed or that a particular thing should be done. [본문으로]
21. accede ; (격식) 1. <제의·요구 등에> 동의하다, 응하다(agree, assent) ((to)) ;; [VERB] If you accede to someone's request, you do what they ask. ;; 미국∙영국 [əkˈsiːd] [본문으로]
22. national security adviser ; (미) 국가 안전 보장 담당 대통령 보좌관 [본문으로]
23. pull-out ; 2. (군대 등의) 철수 [본문으로]
24. requirement ; [UC/] 요구, 필요; [C] 요구물, 필요물, 필수품; 필요조건, 요건 ;; [NOUN] [usu with supp] A requirement is a quality or qualification that you must have in order to be allowed to do something or to be suitable for something. [본문으로]
25. frosty ; 3. 싸늘한, 쌀쌀맞은 [본문으로]
26. leg ; 4. (전 행정(行程) 중의) 한 구간; [구어] (장거리 비행의) 한 행정, 한 번 날기 ;; 5. (항해) (배가) 갈지자로 나아갈 때의 한 직행 구간[거리] [본문으로]
27. reassure ; 1. 안심시키다, 다시 용기를 내게 하다, 다시 자신을 갖게 하다 ((about, of, that [절/] )) ;; [VERB] If you reassure someone, you say or do things to make them stop worrying about something. [본문으로]
28. commitment ; 1. [C, U] ~ (to sb/sth) | ~ to do sth 약속; 전념 ;; 2. [U] ~ (to sb/sth) 헌신 ;; 4. [U, C] ~ (of sth) (to sth) (돈·시간·인력의) 투입 [본문으로]
29. flip-flop ; 5. [美구어] (태도·의견·방침 따위의) 돌변, 급변; 역전; U턴. [본문으로]
30. credibility ; [U] 믿을 수 있음, 진실성; 신용, 신빙성 ;; [NOUN] If someone or something has credibility, people believe in them and trust them. [본문으로]
31. cast ; 9. [타동사][VN] ~ sb (as sth) | ~ sb (in sth) ~를 (~로) 묘사하다[제시하다] [본문으로]
32. antithesis ; 2. 정반대(의 것)[of, to ]. ;; 미국∙영국 [ænˈtɪθəsɪs] [본문으로]
33. rip up ; 1.[VERB] [tr, adverb] to tear (paper) into small pieces ;; 2.[VERB] to annul, cancel, or unilaterally disregard ;; 3.[VERB] to dig up, dig into, or remove (a surface) [본문으로]
34. reimpose ; (일단 폐지한 세금·규칙 따위를) 다시 부과(賦課)하다 ;; [VERB] [tr] to establish previously imposed laws, controls, etc, again ;; 미국∙영국 [rì:impóuz] [본문으로]
35. clerical ; 1. 사무직의 ;; 2. 성직자의 [본문으로]
36. recognize ~ as ; ~를 …로 인정하다. [본문으로]
37. hesitate to ; ~하는 것을 망설이다, 주저하다 [본문으로]
38. take (a) military action ; 군사적 행동을 취하다 [본문으로]
39. involvement ; 1. [U] ~ (in/with sth) 관련, 관여, 개입, 연루 ; 유의어 participation [본문으로]
40. be reluctant to ; ~을 주저하다, 망설이다 [본문으로]
41. vital interest ; (군사) 사활적 이익 ▶국가이익 [본문으로]
42. continuity ; 1. [U] 연속(성, 상태), 계속(성, 상태); (논리적으로) 밀접한 관련. [본문으로]
43. foreign relations ; 외교[국제] 관계; 외교 문제[분야] [본문으로]
44. impetuous ; [형용사] 성급한, 충동적인 ; 유의어 rash, impulsive [본문으로]
45. oil well ; [명사] 유정(油井) ;; [NOUN] An oil well is a deep hole which is made in order to get oil out of the ground. [본문으로]
46. agricultural land ; [명사] (작물학) 농지(農地) [본문으로]
47. autonomous ; 1. (국가·지역·기관이) 자주적인, 자치의 ; 유의어 independent [본문으로]
48. imperil ; [타동사][VN] (-ll-, 美 -l-) (격식) 위태롭게 하다, 위험에 빠뜨리다 ; 유의어 endanger ;; to bring into peril ;; to put something or someone in danger ;; 미국∙영국 [ɪmˈperəl] [본문으로]
49. capable ; 2. 유능한 ; 유의어 skilled, competent ; 반의어 incapable [본문으로]
50. frontier ; 1. [C] ~ (between A and B) | ~ (with sth) (英) 국경[경계] (지역) ;; [NOUN] A frontier is a border between two countries. [본문으로]
51. in turn ; 2. 결국[결과적으로] ;; 2.as a result of something in a series of events [본문으로]
52. separatist ; [NOUN] Separatists are people who want their own separate government or are involved in separatist activities. [본문으로]
53. insurgent ; [주로 복수로] (격식) 반란[내란]을 일으킨 사람 ; 유의어 rebellious ;; [NOUN] Insurgents are people who are fighting against the government or army of their own country. [본문으로]
54. overrun ; 1. <나라 등을> 침략하다, (침략하여) 황폐하게 만들다; <적군 등을> 압도하다, 괴멸시키다 ;; [VERB] If an army or an armed force overruns a place, area, or country, it succeeds in occupying it very quickly. [본문으로]
55. enclave ; [명사] (한 국가나 도시 내의) 소수 민족[(이문화) 집단] 거주지 ;; [NOUN] An enclave is an area within a country or a city where people live who have a different nationality or culture from the people living in the surrounding country or city. ;; 미국∙영국 [ˈenkleɪv] [본문으로]
56. imminently ; [부사] 임박하여, 일촉즉발로. ;; imminent [형용사] 미국∙영국 [ˈɪmɪnənt] [본문으로]
57. clash ; 2. ~ (with sb) (over sth) | ~ (between A and B) (over sth) (의견 차이 등에 의한) 충돌, 언쟁 ; 유의어 conflict [본문으로]
58. remaining ; [형용사] (명사 앞에만 씀) 남아 있는, 남은 ; 참조 remain [본문으로]
59. reemerge ; [자동사] 다시 나타나다, 재출현하다 [본문으로]
60. undoubtedly ; [부사] 의심할 여지없이; 확실히 [본문으로]
61. displace ; 2. [타동사] (살던 곳에서) 쫓아내다 ;; [VERB] If one thing displaces another, it forces the other thing out of its place, position, or role, and then occupies that place, position, or role itself. [본문으로]
62. on[at] the brink of ; [부사] …의 직전에. ; 유의어 on the verge of. [본문으로]
63. militia ; [보통 the ~; 집합적] 1. (정규군과 대비하여) 민병대 ;; 2. 국민군, 주(州) 방위군 (cf. NATIONAL Guard) ;; 3. 무장 사병 조직 ;; [NOUN] A militia is an organization that operates like an army but whose members are not professional soldiers. ;; 미국∙영국 [məˈlɪʃə] [본문으로]
64. regain ; 1. <잃은 것을> 되찾다, 회복하다; 탈환하다 ; 유의어 recover [본문으로]
65. heartland ; (heart·lands [pl.]) 1. (한 국가나 지역의) 심장[중심]부 ;; [NOUN] [with supp, oft adj N, N of n] Journalists use heartland or heartlands to refer to the area or region where a particular set of activities or beliefs is most significant. [본문으로]
66. lose no time in (doing) ; 때를 놓치지 않고 …하다 [본문으로]
67. deter ; (-rr-) ~ sb (from sth/from doing sth) 단념시키다, 그만두게 하다 ; 참조 deterrent ;; [VERB] To deter someone from doing something means to make them not want to do it or continue doing it. [본문으로]
68. in any case ; 어쨌든 ;; whatever may happen or has happened; anyway [본문으로]
69. calibrate ; 3. [비유적] (…을 향하여) 조정하다, 대상을 (…에) 맞추고 깊이 생각하다. [본문으로]
70. resist ; 1. (어떤 일을 받아들이지 않고) 저항[반대]하다 ; 유의어 oppose [본문으로]
71. hotch·potch (특히 英) (美 주로 hodge·podge[ˈhɒdʒpɒdʒ; 美 ˈhɑːdʒpɑːdʒ ]) ;; [sing.] (비격식) 뒤범벅(된 것) ;; [NOUN] a jumbled mixture [본문으로]
72. fief (fief·dom[ˈfiːfdəm]) ; 1. (법률, 옛글투) 봉지(封地: 봉건 시대에 노무를 제공하는 대가로 영주가 빌려 주던 땅) ;; 2. 영지, 지배 영역 ;; [NOUN] In former times, a fief was a piece of land given to someone by their lord, to whom they had a duty to provide particular services in return. ;; 미국∙영국 [fiːf] [본문으로]
73. red line ; [명사] 레드 라인(불화·협상 시 한쪽 당사자가 양보하지 않으려는 쟁점이나 요구) ;; [NOUN] a point beyond which a person or group is not prepared to negotiate [본문으로]
74. precipitate ; [VN] (격식) 1. [타동사] (특히 나쁜 일을) 촉발시키다 ; 유의어 bring on, spark off ;; 2. [타동사] ~ sb/sth into sth (갑자기 어떤 상태로) 치닫게 하다[몰아넣다] ;; [VERB] If something precipitates an event or situation, usually a bad one, it causes it to happen suddenly or sooner than normal. ;; 동사 [prɪˈsɪpɪteɪt] [본문으로]
75. bastion ; 1. (격식) (생활 방식·주의 등의) 수호자 ;; 2. 보루, 요새 [본문으로]
76. rebel ; [명사] 2. (조직정당 등의 내부의) 반대자[저항 세력] ;; 명사 [ˈrebl] [본문으로]
77. reconciliation ; 1. [sing., U] ~ (between A and B) | ~ (with sb) 화해 ;; [NOUN] [oft N between/with/of n] Reconciliation between two people or countries who have quarrelled is the process of their becoming friends again. A reconciliation is an instance of this. ;; 미국·영국 [ˌrekənsɪliˈeɪʃn] [본문으로]
78. head of state (pl. heads of state) ; (종종 H- of S-) 국가 원수(元首), 국가 주석. [본문으로]
79. reopen ; 재개하다, 다시 시작하다. ;; [VERB] If you reopen a public building such as a factory, airport, or school, or if it reopens, it opens and starts working again after it has been closed for some time. [본문으로]
80. wary ; (warier ; -iest) 조심성 있는(watchful), 주의 깊은, 신중한(of). ⇨ careful. ;; [ADJ] If you are wary of something or someone, you are cautious because you do not know much about them and you believe they may be dangerous or cause problems. [본문으로]
81. replacement ; 1. [U] 교체, 대체 [본문으로]
82. foreign minister ; (특히 영) [보통 F- M-] 외무부 장관(foreign secretary) ;; [HELP] [미국]에서는 국무 장관이 이 직무를 담당하고 있다. [본문으로]
83. reengagement ;[Noun] A renewed or repeated engagement. [본문으로]
84. diplomatic ties ; (군사) 외교관계, 국교 [본문으로]
85. indebted ; [형용사] 1. ~ (to sb) (for sth) (격식) (도움을 준 사람에게) 감사하는[고마워 하는] ;; 2. (국가·정부 등이 다른 국가·단체 등에) 부채가 있는 ;; [ADJ] [v-link ADJ to n] If you say that you are indebted to someone for something, you mean that you are very grateful to them for something. [본문으로]
86. if nothing else ; 적어도, 최소한 [본문으로]
87. dismay ; [타동사][VN] 경악하게 만들다, 크게 실망시키다 ;; [VERB] If you are dismayed by something, it makes you feel afraid, worried, or sad. [본문으로]
88. urge ; 2. 죄어치다, 재촉하다; 열심히 권하다, 설득하다; 격려하다 ;; 3. …에게 억지로 시키다, 강요하다 ;; [VERB] If you urge someone to do something, you try hard to persuade them to do it. [본문으로]
89. vacuum ; 3. (a vacuum) 공허, 빈 곳, 공백; 고립 상태. [본문으로]
90. unspecified ; 특별히 지시하지 않은, 특기[명기]하지 않은, 열거하지 않은 ;; [ADJ] You say that something is unspecified when you are not told exactly what it is. [본문으로]
91. pocket ; 6. (주위에서 고립된 이질적인) 작은 지역, 고립 지대; [군사] 적의 점령하에 있는 고립 지대, 고립군(軍) [본문으로]
92. land bridge ; 국제무역에서, 대륙을 횡단하는 철도나 도로가 해상과 해상을 잇는 교량처럼 활용되는 복합운송경로를 말한다. 국제무역에서 운송비 절감과 운송시간을 단축할 수 있는 중요한 운송수단으로, 세계적으로 시베리안 랜드브리지(SLB:siberian land bridge)와 아메리칸 랜드브리지(ALB:american land bridge), 미니 랜드브리지(MLB:mini land bridge), 마이크로 랜드브리지(micro land bridge) 등이 유명하다. [본문으로]
93. supplement ; [타동사][VN] ~ sth (with sth) 보충[추가]하다 ;; [VERB] If you supplement something, you add something to it in order to improve it. [본문으로]
94. air bridge ; (공수(空輸)에 의한 두 지점 사이의) 공중 다리; (건물 사이의) 공중 통로; 보딩 브리지(공항 대합실과 비행기를 잇는 이동식 승강용 탑승교(搭乘橋)). [본문으로]
95. in operation ; 가동[운용/사용] 중인 ;; working, being used or having an effect [본문으로]
96. supply ; 1. …에 〔필요물품·부족품 따위〕를 공급하다, 지급하다, 주다[with, for, to]. ; 유의어 PROVIDE ;; 2. 〔손실·결핍 따위〕를 보충하다, 메꾸다, 벌충하다. ;; 3. 〔필요·요구〕를 충족시키다. ;; [VERB] If you supply someone with something that they want or need, you give them a quantity of it. [본문으로]
97. rehabilitation ; 2. 복직, 복위, 복권; 명예 회복 ;; 3. 부흥, 재건 ;; 미국∙영국 [rì:həbìlətéiʃən] [본문으로]
98. supplant ; [타동사][VN] (격식) (특히 낡거나 구식이 된 것을) 대신[대체]하다 ; 유의어 replace ;; [VERB] If a person or thing is supplanted, another person or thing takes their place. ;; 미국식 [-ˈplænt] 영국식 [səˈplɑːnt] [본문으로]
99. power broker ; [명사] (지역에 정치적 영향력을 행사하는) 실세[유력 인사] ;; [NOUN] A power broker is someone who has a lot of influence, especially in politics, and uses it to help other people gain power. [본문으로]
100. readiness ; 1. [U] ~ (for sth) 준비가 되어 있음 ;; 2. [U, sing.] ~ (of sb) (to do sth) 기꺼이 하려는 상태 ;; [NOUN] If someone is very willing to do something, you can talk about their readiness to do it. [본문으로]
101. repulsive ; 1. 역겨운, 혐오스러운 ; 유의어 disgusting ;; [ADJ] If you describe something or someone as repulsive, you mean that they are horrible and disgusting and you want to avoid them. [본문으로]
102. make it seem ; (의도적으로) ~처럼 보이게 만들다 [본문으로]
103. reliable ; 1. 믿을[신뢰할] 수 있는 ; 유의어 dependable ;; 2. (옳을 것으로) 믿을 만한 ; 반의어 unreliable [본문으로]
104. work closely with ; ~와 긴밀히 협력하다 [본문으로]
105. coordinate ; 1. …을 대등하게[동위로, 동격으로] 하다. ;; 2. …을 순서있게 정리하다. ;; 3. …을 조정하다; (…와) 조화시키다[with]. ;; [VERB] [(kəʊ'ɔːdɪˌneɪt)] to organize or integrate (diverse elements) in a harmonious operation [본문으로]
106. output ; [U, C] 1. (경제) 생산, 산출; (일정 기간 중의) 생산량[고]; (광산 따위의) 산출량[물]. ;; [NOUN] [usu supp N] Output is used to refer to the amount of something that a person or thing produces [본문으로]
107. exuberant ; 1. 열광적인, 열의가 넘치는 ;; 2. 무성한, 우거진(luxuriant) ;; 3. 원기 왕성한; <기력·건강 등이> 넘쳐흐르는(overflowing) ;; 4. <부·상상력·재능 등이> 풍부한; <문체가> 화려한 ;; [ADJ] If you are exuberant, you are full of energy, excitement, and cheerfulness. [본문으로]
108. crown prince ; [명사] (일부 국가에서) 황태자[왕세자] ;; [NOUN] A Crown Prince is a prince who will be king of his country when the present king or queen dies. [본문으로]
109. court ; 1. [타동사][VN] …의 환심을 사려고 하다 ; 유의어 cultivate ;; [VERB] To court a particular person, group, or country means to try to please them or improve your relations with them, often so that they will do something that you want them to do. [본문으로]
110. in the hope of sth ; ~을 바라고[~라는 희망을 갖고] ;; because you want something to happen [본문으로]
111. prise ; with object and adverbial of direction Use force in order to move, move apart, or open (something) [본문으로]
112. act against ; …에 반(反)하다; …에 불리한 일을 하다 [본문으로]