티스토리 뷰
[Annotated] How the American takeover of a French national champion became intertwined in a corruption investigation
af334 2019. 1. 16. 10:46A DOJ corruption investigation into1 Alstom ended in 2014 with GE's $17bn takeover of2 the French company
Over the past decade, American legal and regulatory3 authorities4 have subjected scores of large foreign companies to5 extraterritorial actions6. Paying large fines, which can top $1bn7, has often been the only way finally to settle such accusations of8 serious misconduct outside America9, typically corruption or breaching sanctions10. As a result, many bosses and executives are quietly paranoid about11 the long arm of12 American sheriffs.
Such cases, however, rarely go to trial13, and the firms involved are limited in what they can say about them; surprisingly little is known about how the process works. The Economist has identified an exception14: Alstom, a French power and transport group that faced an American legal action in15 2010-15 and which sold the bulk of its assets to General Electric (GE) in a deal that was announced in 2014 and closed in late 2015.
The case of Alstom and GE is important for three reasons. First, the sums involved are huge: Alstom faced a $772m fine, among the largest ever in a foreign corruption case prosecuted by America16. GE paid $17bn to buy the Alstom assets, whose subsequent17 underperformance18 explains part of the American conglomerate's current dire straits19, including the $23bn loss it reported in October 2018.
Second, multiple sources of information mean that a reliable account can be constructed of how a legal process and a commercial one jointly20 produced a particular outcome for GE. A senior former Alstom executive closely involved in the scandal, Frédéric Pierucci, has published a book this week called “Le Piège Américain” (“The American Trap”). Mr Pierucci is no angel: he is a convicted criminal who21, Alstom documents show, knew bribes were being paid to win a contract for a power plant in Indonesia. But we have reviewed American court documents and material from several French parliamentary inquiries22 (the last of them conducted in 2018), and spoken to industry executive.
Last, the case raises uncomfortable questions about American officials' uncompromising techniques23. It suggests that foreign companies may receive more lenient treatment24 if they pass into25 American ownership26. The possibility of a link between Alstom's legal woes27 and the sale of its crown jewels to GE has vexed28 French policymakers29, not least30 Emmanuel Macron, France's president.
Something to declare
Mr Pierucci's private hell began in April 2013 when he was handcuffed31 upon arrival at32 New York's John F. Kennedy Airport. The Frenchman knew his employer, Alstom, was in the midst of33 a protracted34 tussle with American authorities over35 bribery allegations36. Having expected to be released rapidly, perhaps on bail37, he did not share his predicament with38 his wife for four days. This legal wrinkle was39 no reason to push back his expected return in time for the weekend40, he thought. Things did not turn out as he planned: Mr Pierucci emerged from prison only in September 2018.
At around the same time, in 2013, Alstom was racing into commercial heavy weather41. Its imperious chief executive42, Patrick Kron, who had by then presided over the firm for a decade43, deemed44 some of its units were below scale to compete globally. He had good reason to be looking for a buyer for its flagship power division45, which accounted for nearly three-quarters of46 the group's revenues47: demand was sagging for the turbines48 it sold to electricity-generation plants49 across the world, performance had been woeful for years50 and debt had swollen51. And across the Atlantic, the boss of GE at the time52, Jeff Immelt, was searching for a big end-of-reign deal53.
But the process of Alstom dismantling itself54 was being buffeted by an investigation55 dating from 2010 by56 America's Department of Justice (DOJ) into exactly how it had managed to bring home billions of dollars in contracts outside America. The French firm had been dragging its feet in responding to57 the DOJ, infuriating58 prosecutors59. They suspected Alstom of60 paying a total of at least $75m in bungs in61 Egypt, Saudi Arabia, the Bahamas, Taiwan and Indonesia, which got it $4bn in contracts. Some of the bribes, including those Mr Pierucci had been involved with in Indonesia starting in 2002, had been paid by an American subsidiary62, and Alstom had financed itself partly in63 America, giving American authorities their justification to chase Alstom in64 France and to punish it with a fine far greater than European corruption statutes might have levied65. At the time, investors fretted66 this could exceed $1bn67, damaging the company's balance-sheet68 and forcing a fire sale of its assets69.
The prospect of this, and Mr Pierucci's legal troubles70, weighed on Mr Kron as71 he pondered Alstom's future in72 mid-2013. The arrest shocked Alstom's top brass73: around 30 senior executives were subsequently warned against travelling to America lest74 they share Mr Pierucci's fate. By spring 2014 at least three of his former associates at75 Alstom had been arrested by American authorities to bring pressure on the company to co-operate with the DOJ76. Court documents suggest that prosecutors ended up with 49 hours of covertly77 taped conversations inside Alstom, courtesy of78 executives-turned-informants79.
Exemplary punishment80
Two elements of what happened next raise concerns81. First is the treatment of Mr Pierucci. Now 51, heavy-set with82 a tall forehead83 and a provincial84 twang85, the former industrial-equipment salesman could be typecast as86 an accountant87, not the orange-jumpsuited prisoner88 he became upon his arrival in89 America.
After three months in a Rhode Island high-security prison packed with90 violent offenders91, he faced a plea hearing92. The choice was stark93. One route was to plead innocent94 and face trial95; a risky proposition96 since prosecutors in Mr Pierucci's case were pushing for97 charges which98 would translate into prison sentences ranging from99 15 to 19 years. He was advised that100 preparation for the trial would take three years and would cost millions of dollars.
That left the option of pleading guilty101, co-operating with the authorities, and facing only a few more months of prison. Mr Pierucci says he admitted he was guilty of bribing Indonesian officials102 - which emails cited by the DOJ suggest103 he was aware of, even if he did not instigate the crime104 - on the understanding105 he would receive a sentence of no more than six months106, most of which he had served. But despite this he was then detained for107 a further year108, then spent over three years out on bail from June 2014 to October 2017, and then spent another year in jail109. He says he spent over 250 days at one point without seeing direct sunlight110 or breathing outside air111.
Part of Mr Pierucci's outrage112 reflects America's harsh judicial system113: a legal playbook114 devised to115 bring down116 mobsters117 and racketeers118 has been repurposed for119 the corporate world120. Europe's approach to white-collar criminals is softer, for better or for worse121. But his claim that he was an "economic hostage122" carries weight123. DOJ officials have indeed linked his imprisonment124 with125 Alstom's failure to co-operate with their inquiry.
The broader worry is that the DOJ's investigations distorted Alstom's sale process126, giving an edge to127 a potential American purchaser128. The French parliament has returned time and again to the circumstances of the deal with129 GE. For a country that once blocked the takeover of a yogurt firm, Danone, on the basis of its strategic importance130, the sale to a foreign rival of a firm that maintained turbines for France's nuclear power stations and submarines remains highly sensitive.
According to executives there at the time131, Alstom first explored a deal with GE just after Mr Pierucci's guilty plea in132 July 2013. Legal pressure on Alstom, and on Mr Pierucci, seemed to ease once133 it became possible that much of his employer would come under GE's ownership134. For one thing, the arrest of executives stopped. The fourth to be detained in the case135, while in the American Virgin Islands, was seized one day before news of the deal became public on136 April 24th 2014. Two months later, in the same week Alstom's top brass signed off on the sale to137 GE, Mr Pierucci's long-standing bid to138 be released on bail was approved139, after 14 months inside.
There is no suggestion of wrongdoing by140 GE itself, merely that American supremacy in141 imposing anti-corruption142 norms143 globally may have given American firms an advantage. GE had an edge over non-American firms144 vying to buy Alstom's assets145, such as Siemens of Germany and Mitsubishi of Japan, insofar as their legal departments may have been less well-versed in146 negotiating American legal settlements.
That mattered. In the purchase agreement147, GE agreed to pay whatever fine was meted out to148 Alstom Power for past wrongdoing, even though the fine the French firm faced also related to past activities of other parts of the group. Foreign rivals interested in joining the bidding149 would also have to gauge the size of150 that potential legal liability151, but may have been at a disadvantage152: GE, like other American firms, employs multiple former DOJ staffers153, according to their LinkedIn profiles. (Later, the DOJ decreed that154 what remained of Alstom in France should pay the fine, not GE.)
An American group such as GE could also help Alstom navigate judicial waters. Lawyers for GE conferred with155 the French firm's lawyers ahead of its agreement with156 the DOJ, long before the deal formally closed. The DOJ settlement mentions how157 GE promised to "implement its compliance programme158 and internal controls" at159 Alstom. In American courts, such assurances160 may carry more weight161 coming from well-known local firms, not foreign ones. Unlike Siemens, which has also felt the weight of the DOJ on corruption charges162, Alstom was able to avoid an intrusive American "monitor"163 being embedded inside the firm. Insofar as the aim of164 American prosecutors was to wean Alstom off165 its wayward behaviour166, the job could in effect167 be outsourced to GE168.
Mr Kron has been repeatedly asked by parliamentarians if169 legal pressure - perhaps on him personally - influenced his decision to sell most of Alstom to GE. He forcefully denies this, dismissing links between170 the sale and the DOJ investigation as the work of conspiracy theorists171. But the theory has gained traction in172 high places173. Questioned by parliament in 2015, the then economy minister, Emmanuel Macron, said it had been "his heartfelt belief" that174 pressure from the DOJ had weighed on Mr Kron175. "Personally, I was myself convinced of the causal link between the investigation and Mr Kron's decision [to sell to GE], but we have no proof," he said.
On December 19th 2014, at an extraordinary meeting of shareholders in Paris, Mr Kron got formal support for the sale. Disheartened retail shareholders in the auditorium cheered those who opposed the deal (institutional shareholders had backed it). One asked Mr Kron if Alstom's legal troubles had forced this unexpected event. "Stop banging your head trying to find fictitious arguments to176 justify a good deal," Mr Kron replied. "This kind of masochism177 is terrible!" Both GE and Alstom declined to178 comment for this article179; the DOJ did not respond to calls for comment.
Electric shock
The Alstom purchase has backfired dramatically for180 the American group. Troubles at GE's power division explain in part why its shares have collapsed by two-thirds in the past five years. Mr Immelt's successor, John Flannery, an architect of the Alstom deal, was fired on October 1st, after a year in the hot seat181. Alstom lives on at home in182 France as a smaller group, and is trying to persuade European regulators to allow its last big business unit to be absorbed by Siemens183.
Looking back184, Mr Kron, who stepped down as Alstom's boss a few months after its main assets were sold, sees what happened at GE as vindication that185 his thinking was guided by commercial logic186, not judicial pressure. Insofar as GE overpaid for Alstom's assets, the deal counts as a resounding victory for the French group's erstwhile shareholders.
Yet the method by which America secured a legal settlement was brutal. In order to be legitimate187, a legal process must be transparent and independent - and be seen to be so. In this case, the legal process and the commercial one became uncomfortably188 intertwined189. On the very same winter day in 2014 that the sale to GE was approved by shareholders190, Alstom's lawyers signed documents admitting charges brought by the DOJ191. They agreed to settle these with the $772m fine. Alstom's legeal troubles were now over192, just as the company, as it once was, ceased to exist193.
- corruption investigation ; 부패조사, 부패수사 [본문으로]
- takeover ; [C,U] 1. 기업[경영권] 인수 [본문으로]
- regulatory ; [형용사] (주로 명사 앞에 씀) (산업·상업 분야의) 규제[단속]력을 지닌 [본문으로]
- authority ; 4. [C, 주로 복수로] 당국 ; 참조 local authority [본문으로]
- subject sb/sth to sth ; (흔히 수동태로) ~로 하여금 ~을 당하게[겪게/시달리게] 만들다 [본문으로]
- extraterritorial ; [형용사] 법률이 법역 외의(그 법이 제정된 국가 밖에서도 유효한) ;; [ADJ] beyond the limits of a country's territory [본문으로]
- top ; 1. [타동사] (…보다 얼마만큼) 더 높다 [본문으로]
- settle ; 1. (논쟁 등을) 해결하다[끝내다], 합의를 보다 [본문으로]
- misconduct ; [U] (격식) 1. (특히 전문직 종사자의) 비행, 위법[불법] 행위, 직권 남용 [본문으로]
- breach ; 1. [타동사] (합의나 약속을) 위반하다[어기다] ; 유의어 break [본문으로]
- be paranoid about ; …에 대해 편집증적인. [본문으로]
- arm ; 3. [U] 힘, 권력; [속어] 지배력, 영향력; [미·속어] 경관 [본문으로]
- go to trial ; 재판에 회부되다. [본문으로]
- identify ; 2. 찾다, 발견하다 [본문으로]
- a legal action ; (법적) 소송, 기소 [본문으로]
- prosecute; [타동사] 3. (법률) (남을) 기소하다, 고소하다(proceed against), 소추(訴追)하다 ; (법에 호소하여 권리를) 요구하다. ;; [VERB] If the authorities prosecute someone, they charge them with a crime and put them on trial. [본문으로]
- subsequent ; [형용사] (격식) 그[이] 다음의, 차후의 ; 반의어 previous ;; [ADJ] You use subsequent to describe something that happened or existed after the time or event that has just been referred to. [본문으로]
- underperform; 성과가 …에 미치지 못하다[밑돌다], 평균[기대] 이하로 행하다. ;; to perform less well than (another of its kind, a general average, etc.) or less well than expected [본문으로]
- in dire straits ; 곤경에 빠져 [본문으로]
- jointly ; [부사] 공동[연대적]으로 [본문으로]
- convicted criminal ; 유죄선고를 받은 범인 [본문으로]
- parliamentary inquiry ; a question asked of the presiding officer of a parliament in relation to parliamentary law [본문으로]
- uncompromising ; 1. 타협하지 않는, 양보하지 않는 ;; 2. 단호한, 완고한, 강경한 ;; [ADJ] If you describe someone as uncompromising, you mean that they are determined not to change their opinions or aims in any way. [본문으로]
- lenient ; [형용사] (처벌·규칙 적용이) 관대한 ;; [ADJ] When someone in authority is lenient, they are not as strict or severe as expected. ;; 미국∙영국 [ˈliːniənt] [본문으로]
- pass into sth ; ~의 일부가 되다 ;; to become a part of something [본문으로]
- ownership ; 임자, 소유(possession) ; 소유권(proprietorship). ;; [NOUN] Ownership of something is the state of owning it. [본문으로]
- woe ; (구식 또는 유머) 1. [pl.] woes 고민, 문제 ;; 미국식 [woʊ] 영국식 [wəʊ] [본문으로]
- vex ; [타동사][VN] (구식 또는 격식) 성가시게[짜증나게]하다 ;; [VERB] If someone or something vexes you, they make you feel annoyed, puzzled, and frustrated. [본문으로]
- policymaker ; [명사] 정책 입안자[담당자] ;; [NOUN] In politics, policymakers are people who are involved in making policies and policy decisions. [본문으로]
- not least ; 특히 [본문으로]
- be handcuffed[shackled] ; 쇠고랑을 차다 [본문으로]
- upon[on] arrival ; 도착 하자마자, 도착 시 [본문으로]
- in the midst of sth/of doing sth ; ~(하는) 중에[가운데] ;; while something is happening or being done; while you are doing something [본문으로]
- protracted ; [형용사] (예상·평상시보다) 오래 끈[오래 계속된] ; 유의어 prolonged ;; [ADJ] Something, usually something unpleasant, that is protracted lasts a long time, especially longer than usual or longer than you hoped. [본문으로]
- tussle ; 1. 격투, 난투(fight, scuffle). ;; 2. 분투(strenuous effort) ; 고전, 고투(hard contest). ;; [VERB] If one person tussles with another, or if they tussle, they get hold of each other and struggle or fight. [본문으로]
- bribery allegations ; 뇌물혐의, 뇌물 수수 혐의 [본문으로]
- on bail ; 보석금을 내고 [본문으로]
- predicament ; [명사] 곤경, 궁지 ; 유의어 quandary ;; 미국∙영국 [prɪˈdɪkəmənt] [본문으로]
- wrinkle ; 2. 결점, 오점 [본문으로]
- in time (for sth/to do sth) ; (~에) 시간 맞춰[늦지 않게] ;; 1.not late ;; 2.after quite a long time; eventually [본문으로]
- heavy weather ; [명사] 악천후, 사나운 날씨; [비유적] 장애, 고난. [본문으로]
- imperious ; [형용사] (격식) 고압적인 ;; [ADJ] If you describe someone as imperious, you mean that they have a proud manner and expect to be obeyed. ;; 미국식 [-ˈpɪr-] 영국식 [ɪmˈpɪəriəs] [본문으로]
- preside over ; 사회를 보다, 감독을 하다, 업무를 관장하다 ; to lead or be in charge of a meeting, ceremony, etc. [본문으로]
- deem ; [자, 타동사] [보통 진행형으로는 쓰이지 않음] (격식) (…로) 여기다[생각하다] ; 유의어 consider, think, judge, regard as [본문으로]
- flagship ; 3. 가장 중요한[뛰어난] 것, 주력 상품(flagship product). ;; 4. 본사, 본점, 본교. [본문으로]
- nearly ; 1. 거의, 대략(all but, almost). [본문으로]
- revenue ; 3. [pl.] 총수입, 재원(財源), 수입 총액 ;; [NOUN] Revenue is money that a company, organization, or government receives from people. [본문으로]
- sag ; [자동사] 2. 약화되다, (수적으로) 줄어들다 [본문으로]
- electricity generation ; 발전 [본문으로]
- woeful ; 1. [주로 명사 앞에 씀] 통탄할, 한심한, 변변치 못한 ; 유의어 deplorable ;; 2. (문예체 또는 격식) 몹시 슬픈, 비통한 [본문으로]
- swell ; 2. <수량·강도·힘 등이> 증가하다; <물이> 붇다; <조수가> 밀려오다; <바닷물이> 파도치다 ;; [VERB] If the amount or size of something swells or if something swells it, it becomes larger than it was before. [본문으로]
- at the time ; 그 당시,그 시기 ;; at a particular moment in the past; then [본문으로]
- reign ; [명사] 2. (어떤 사람이 어떤 기관팀 등을) 책임 맡는[담당하는] 기간 [본문으로]
- dismantle ; 2. [타동사] (조직·체제를) 해체하다 [본문으로]
- buffet ; [타동사][VN] [흔히 수동태로] 뒤흔들다 ; [VERB] If something is buffeted by strong winds or by stormy seas, it is repeatedly struck or blown around by them. ;; 미국∙영국 [ˈbʌfɪt] [본문으로]
- date from ; …부터 시작되다. ;; to have existed since a particular time in the past [본문으로]
- drag one's feet[heel] 1. 발을 질질 끌다 ;; 2. (구어) 일부러 꾸물거리다; 열심히 하지 않다 [본문으로]
- infuriating ; [형용사] 정말 화나는[짜증나는] ;; [ADJ] Something that is infuriating annoys you very much. [본문으로]
- infuriating ; [형용사] 정말 화나는[짜증나는] ;; [ADJ] Something that is infuriating annoys you very much. [본문으로]
- suspect ; [진행형으로는 쓰이지 않음] 3. [타동사][VN] ~ sb (of sth/of doing sth) (어떤 범죄를 저지른 것으로) 의심하다[혐의를 두다] ; 참조 suspicion, suspicious [본문으로]
- bung ; 2. (英, 비격식) 검은돈(불법적인 일을 사주하면서 주는 돈) ;; [英속어] 팁, 뇌물. ;; 미국·영국 [bʌŋ] [본문으로]
- subsidiary ; 1. 자회사; 보조자[물]; [pl.][인쇄]부속[부가(附加)]물 ;; [NOUN] A subsidiary or a subsidiary company is a company which is part of a larger and more important company. [본문으로]
- finance ; [타동사][VN] 자금[재원]을 대다 ; 유의어 fund [본문으로]
- justification ; [U, C] ~ (for sth/doing sth) 타당한[정당한] 이유 ;; 1. (행위의) 정당화, 정당성을 증명함, (정당하다고 하는) 변명, 변명의 사유 ;; [NOUN] A justification for something is an acceptable reason or explanation for it. [본문으로]
- levy ; [타동사][VN] (levies, levying, levied, levied) ~ sth (on sb/sth) (세금 등을) 부과[징수]하다 ;; [VERB] If a government or organization levies a tax or other sum of money, it demands it from people or organizations. ;; 미국∙영국 [ˈlevi] [본문으로]
- fret ; [타동사] 1. …을 (…으로) 애태우다, 괴롭히다, 고민[초조]하게 하다[about, over, at, for]. ;; that절을 써서 "~에 대해 고민하다, 걱정하다" 정도로 활용하는 것을 확인 [본문으로]
- exceed ; [VN] (격식) 1. [타동사] (특정한 수·양을) 넘다[초과하다/초월하다] ;; [VERB] If something exceeds a particular amount or number, it is greater or larger than that amount or number. [본문으로]
- balance sheet ; 〈상업〉 1. 대차 대조표. ;; 2. 손익 계산서, 결산 공고(약어 b.s., B/S). ;; [NOUN] A balance sheet is a written statement of the amount of money and property that a company or person has, including amounts of money that are owed or are owing. Balance sheet is also used to refer to the general financial state of a company. [본문으로]
- fire sale ; 불타다 남은 물건의 특매; (재산·재고품 따위의) 처분[정리] 특매. ;; [NOUN] A fire sale is an event in which goods are sold cheaply because the shop or storeroom they were in has been damaged by fire. [본문으로]
- legal trouble ; 법적 소송, 법적 분쟁, 법적인 문제 [본문으로]
- weigh on sth/sb ; ~을 (정신적으로) 짓누르다 ;; [동사] (무거운 짐이 되어) 압박하다, 괴롭히다. ; 유의어 cause to worry. [본문으로]
- ponder ; [자, 타동사] 숙고하다, 곰곰이[깊이] 생각하다; 심사(沈思)하다, 묵묵히 생각하다 ((on, over, upon)) ;; 유의어 consider [본문으로]
- top brass (英) (brass 美, 英) ;; (the top brass) 《구어》 고급 장교[간부]들, 고관들. ;; people with power and authority [본문으로]
- lest ; (격식 또는 문예체) 1. …하지 않도록 ;; 2. …할까 봐(특정한 감정의 원인을 나타냄) ; 유의어 in case [본문으로]
- associate ; 1. (사업직장) 동료 ;; [NOUN] Your associates are the people you are closely connected with, especially at work. [본문으로]
- cooperate with ; ~에 협조하다 [본문으로]
- covertly ; [부사] 은밀히, 살며시 [본문으로]
- courtesy ; (pl. -ies) 1. [U] 공손함, 정중함 ; 유의어 politeness [본문으로]
- informant ; 1. (경찰·신문사의) 정보원 ; 유의어 informer ;; 2. (전문 용어) (연구 등의) 정보 제공자 ;; [NOUN] An informant is someone who gives another person a piece of information. [본문으로]
- exemplary ; 2. [주로 명사 앞에 씀] (법률 또는 격식) (처벌이) 가혹한, 본보기를 보이기 위한 [본문으로]
- raise concerns (over, about) ; 우려를 불러일으키다, 야기시키다, 우려를 표하다 [본문으로]
- heavy-set ; [형용사] (신체가) 건장한, 체격이 좋은; 튼튼한 ; 유의어 thickset ;; [본문으로]
- tall ; 3. (구어) 터무니없는(extravagant, excessive, unbelievable) ; 과장된, 어마어마한(high-flown). ;; 4. (보통보다) 긴. [본문으로]
- provincial ; 3. 지방적인, 지방 특유의 [본문으로]
- twang ; [주로 단수로] 1. (특히 어떤 지역에서 특징적인) 비음[콧소리] 섞인 억양 ;; 2. (특히 현악기의 현이) 팅[윙] 하고 울리는 소리 ;; [NOUN] A twang is a quality in someone's way of speaking in which sound seems to be coming through the nose. ;; 미국∙영국 [twæŋ] [본문으로]
- typecast ; [타동사][VN] (type·cast, type·cast) [주로 수동태로] ~ sb (as sth) (배우에게 유형이) 고정된 배역을 맡기다 ;; [VERB] If an actor is typecast, they play the same type of character in every play or film that they are in. [본문으로]
- accountant ; [명사] 회계원, 회계사 ;; [NOUN] An accountant is a person whose job is to keep financial accounts. [본문으로]
- jumpsuit ; 앞쪽에서 여미며, 바지와 민소매 보디스와 결합되는 의복. ;; Garment that closes at the front and combines pants and a sometimes sleeveless bodice. [본문으로]
- on[upon] (one's) arrival ; 도착하는 즉시 [본문으로]
- packed with ; …로 가득한. [본문으로]
- offender ; 1. 범죄자 ; 참조 first offender, sex offender ;; 2. 나쁜 짓을 하는 사람[것] ;; [NOUN] [oft supp N] An offender is a person who has committed a crime. [본문으로]
- plea hearing ; The plea hearing is an opportunity for both the prosecution and defence to present information that they want the judge to take into account when deciding on the sentence. [본문으로]
- stark ; 2. (불쾌하지만 피할 수 없는) 냉혹한[엄연한] ; 유의어 bleak ;; 3. (차이가) 극명한 ; 유의어 clear ;; [ADJ] Stark choices or statements are harsh and unpleasant. [본문으로]
- plead innocent (to) ; 무죄를 주장하다, 죄가 없다고 항변하다 [본문으로]
- face (a) trial ; 재판을 받다. [본문으로]
- proposition ; 1. (특히 사업상의) 제의 ;; 2. (하려는) 일; (처리해야 할) 문제[과제] ; 유의어 matter ;; [NOUN] [usu sing, adj N] If you describe something such as a task or an activity as, for example, a difficult proposition or an attractive proposition, you mean that it is difficult or pleasant to do. [본문으로]
- push (sb) for sth ; (~에게) ~을 계속 요구하다[조르다] ;; to keep asking for something, or asking somebody to do something, because you think it is very important [본문으로]
- charge ; [명사] [C] 11. 비난; 혐의; 고소, 고발[against, of]; 문책. [본문으로]
- translate into ; ~로 해석되다, 옮겨지다, 전환되다, ~라는 것을 뜻하다, ~로 연결되다, ~와 같다, ~로 이어지다 [본문으로]
- be advised that ; ~라는 소식을 받다, (권고 사항등) 을 숙지하다, 유의, 유념하다, 조언, 자문을 얻다 [본문으로]
- plead ; 4. (법률) a). (피고가) 변론하다, 진술하다; 답변하다; …임을 인정하다. [본문으로]
- bribe ; [자, 타동사] 매수하다, 뇌물로 유혹하다; 뇌물을 주다[쓰다] ;; [VERB] If one person bribes another, they give them a bribe. [본문으로]
- cite ; 2. (지지·증명·확인을 위해) …에 대하여 말하다; 예로서 …에 언급하다. ;; [VERB] If you cite something, you quote it or mention it, especially as an example or proof of what you are saying. [본문으로]
- instigate ; 2. [타동사] 부추기다, 선동하다 ;; [VERB] Someone who instigates an event causes it to happen. [본문으로]
- on[with] the understanding that ; [격식] …라는 조건하에, …의 조건으로, …이라는 양해[협약] 아래 ;; used to introduce a condition that must be agreed before something else can happen [본문으로]
- receive a sentence of ; (사형, 징역형, 집행유예 등의) 선고를 받다 [본문으로]
- detain ; 1. [타동사] (경찰서·교도소 ·병원 등에) 구금[억류]하다 ;; 2. [타동사] (격식) (어디에 가지 못하게) 붙들다, 지체하게 하다 참조 detention ;; [VERB] When people such as the police detain someone, they keep them in a place under their control. [본문으로]
- further ; [형용사] 3. 뒤따른, 계속되는(subsequent) ;; [ADJ] A further thing, number of things, or amount of something is an additional thing, number of things, or amount. [본문으로]
- in jail ; 수감되어, 투옥중 [본문으로]
- direct sunlight ; 태양 직사광, 직사광선 [본문으로]
- breath outside air ; 바깥공기를 쐬다 ; 콩글리시처럼 느껴지지만, 사용하는 것을 확인 [본문으로]
- outrage ; 1. [U] 격분, 격노 ;; 2. [C] 잔학 행위, 잔인무도한 일 ;; 유의어 atrocity ;; [NOUN] [usu with supp] Outrage is an intense feeling of anger and shock. [본문으로]
- judicial system ; (정치학) <용어>재판제도(裁判制度), 사법제도, 사법체계 [본문으로]
- playbook ; 1. 각본(脚本) ;; 3. (구어) (정치·상업 캠페인 따위의) 계획, 전술 ;; [NOUN] a book containing a range of possible set plays [본문으로]
- devise ; [타동사][VN] 창안[고안]하다 ; 유의어 think up ;; [VERB] If you devise a plan, system, or machine, you have the idea for it and design it. [본문으로]
- bring down ; [동사] 내리다, 떨어뜨리다; 파멸[도산]시키다, 붕괴시키다; 콧대를 꺾다. ;; [VERB] [tr, adverb] to cause to fall [본문으로]
- mobster ; (美속어) 갱의 한 사람(gangster) ; 폭도(one of a mob). ;; [NOUN] A mobster is someone who is a member of an organized group of violent criminals. [본문으로]
- racketeer ; [명사] (못마땅함) (부정한 방법으로 돈을 버는) 모리배, 협잡꾼 ;; (공갈·협박·사기 등으로) 부정한 돈벌이를 하는 사람; 폭력단원, 공갈꾼, 야바위꾼 ;; [NOUN] A racketeer is someone who makes money from illegal activities such as threatening people or selling worthless, immoral, or illegal goods or services. ;; 미국식 [-ˈtɪr] 영국식 [ˌrækəˈtɪə(r)] [본문으로]
- repurpose ; [타동사][VN] 다른 목적[용도]에 맞게 만들다[고치다] ;; (약간 바꿈으로써) <장치·건물 등을> 용도 변경하다 ;; 미국식 [-ˈpɜːrp-] 영국식 [ˌriːˈpɜːpəs] [본문으로]
- corporate ; [형용사] [명사 앞에만 씀] 1. 기업[회사]의 ;; 2. (전문 용어) 법인(체)의 ;; 3. (그룹 구성원을 다 포함하는) 공동의 ;; [ADJ] Corporate means relating to business corporations or to a particular business corporation. [본문으로]
- for better or for worse ; 좋건 나쁘건. ;; [Adverb] altform for better or worse; [참조] FBOFW (Websites) [본문으로]
- hostage ; 인질, 볼모; [고어] 저당, 담보, 담보물; 인질의 상태 ;; [NOUN] A hostage is someone who has been captured by a person or organization and who may be killed or injured if people do not do what that person or organization demands. [본문으로]
- carry[have] weight ; (토론 따위에) 무게가 있다, 설득[영향]력을 가지다 ;; 영향력을 갖다; 의미를 갖다; [사람이] …영향력을 갖다; [사물이] …중요한 의미를 갖다(흔히 부정문에서) [본문으로]
- imprisonment ; 1. 투옥, 구금, 금고; [법] 자유형(自由刑) ;; 2. 강제적 구속, 감금, 유폐 ;; [NOUN] Imprisonment is the state of being imprisoned. [본문으로]
- link ; [VN][흔히 수동태로] (~ A to / with B | ~ A and B (together)) ;; 2. [타동사] 관련되다; 관련짓다 ;; 3. [타동사] 관련이 있다고 말하다, 관련[연결]시키다 ; 유의어 associate [본문으로]
- distort ; 2. [타동사] (사실·생각 등을) 왜곡하다 ;; [VERB] If you distort a statement, fact, or idea, you report or represent it in an untrue way. [본문으로]
- give an edge to ; 1. …에 날을 세우다 ;; 2. [식욕 따위]를 돋우다 [본문으로]
- purchaser ; [명사] (격식) 구입[구매/매입]한 사람 ; 참조 buyer [본문으로]
- circumstance ; 1. [C, 주로 복수로] (일·사건 등을 둘러싼) 환경, 상황, 정황 ;; 2. [pl.] circumstances (개인의, 특히 재정적인) 형편[사정] ;; [NOUN] [usu pl, with supp] The circumstances of a particular situation are the conditions which affect what happens. [본문으로]
- on the basis of ; …을 기반으로, …에 근거하여 [본문으로]
- at the time ; 그 당시,그 시기 ;; at a particular moment in the past; then [본문으로]
- guilty plea ; [명사] (법률) (피고의) 유죄 (인정) 답변. [본문으로]
- ease ; [자동사] 1. (아픔 따위가) 가벼워지다, 풀리다, 편해지다(off). ;; 2. 천천히 움직이다(round)[to]. ;; 3. 마음 편하게[홀가분하게] 시작하다. ;; 4. (주가 따위가) 하락하다, (시황이) 진정되다(off). ;; [VERB] If something unpleasant eases or if you ease it, it is reduced in degree, speed, or intensity. [본문으로]
- come under ; …의 관할 하에 들어가게 되다(=fall). ;; 1. (특정 집단 속에) 포함되다[들어가다] ;; 3. (무엇의 통제·영향을) 받다 ;; 1.to be included within a particular group or collection of things ;; 2.to be managed, controlled or owned by a particular group or organization [본문으로]
- detain ; 1. 억지(抑止)하다, (남을) 붙들다, 지체하게 하다(keep back, delay), 기다리게 하다(keep waiting) ; (학생을 방과 후) 남아 있게 하다. ;; 2. (물건을) 보류하다, 억류해두다(withhold, keep) ; (배 따위를) 억류하다. ;; 3. 유치하다, 구류하다, 감금하다(hold in custody). ;; [VERB] When people such as the police detain someone, they keep them in a place under their control. [본문으로]
- become public ; 세상에 알려지다 [본문으로]
- sign off on sth ; ~에 대해 승인[허가]을 하다 ;; to express your approval of something formally and definitely [본문으로]
- long-standing ; [형용사] 오랫동안[여러 해]에 걸친, 다년간의. ;; [주로 명사 앞에 씀] 오래된 [본문으로]
- be approved ; 승인되다 [본문으로]
- wrongdoing ; [U, C] (격식) 범법[부정] 행위, 비행 ; 유의어 crime, offence [본문으로]
- supremacy ; [U] ~ (over sb/sth) 패권, 우위; 지상주의 ;; [NOUN] [usu with poss, oft N over n] If one group of people has supremacy over another group, they have more political or military power than the other group. ;; 미국∙영국 [suːˈpreməsi] [본문으로]
- anti-corruption ; 부정부패 방지, 부패추방 [본문으로]
- norm ; 2. [pl.] norms 규범, 규준 [본문으로]
- have[hold] an edge on[over(주로 美)] ;; …보다 우위에 서다[우위를 점하다]. ;; ...보다 유리하다. ;; be slightly better, faster, etc. than somebody/something; have an advantage over somebody/something [본문으로]
- vie ; [자동사] (vied; vy·ing) (…과) 우열을 다투다, 겨루다, 경쟁하다[for, in, with]. ;; [VERB] If one person or thing is vying with another for something, the people or things are competing for it. ;; 미국∙영국 [vaɪ] [본문으로]
- well-versed ; 정통한, 잘하는, 조예가 깊은 ;; [ADJ] If someone is well versed in a particular subject, they know a lot about it. [본문으로]
- purchase agreement ; (증권·금융) 매입계약(買入契約). ;; 구매계약(서) [본문으로]
- mete sth out (to sb) ; (벌·가혹 행위 등을) 가하다[부과하다] ;; to give somebody a punishment, etc. [본문으로]
- bidding ; [U] 1. (경매의) 가격 제시, 호가 ;; 2. 응찰 [본문으로]
- gauge ; 3. 추산[추정]하다 ;; [VERB] If you gauge the speed or strength of something, or if you gauge an amount, you measure or calculate it, often by using a device of some kind. [본문으로]
- legal liability ; [명사] 법적의무, 법적책임 ;; 보충설명 감사인의 법적책임으로는, 계약위반에 대한 책임, 과실에 대한 책임, 허위표시에 대한 책임이 있다. [본문으로]
- be at a disadvantage ; 불리한 입장에 서다 [본문으로]
- staffer ; [미·구어] 직원, 부원, 국원 ((관청·편집부·군대 등의)); 편집부원, 기자 ((신문·잡지 등의)) ;; [NOUN] A staffer is a member of staff, especially in political organizations or in journalism. [본문으로]
- decree ; (decrees[-z]) …을 법령으로 정하다, 포고하다; 《美》 (법원이) 판결하다; (신·운명이) …을 정하다(ordain). ;; [VERB] If someone in authority decrees that something must happen, they decide or state this officially. ;; 미국∙영국 [dɪˈkriː] [본문으로]
- confer with ; …와 협의하다. ;; [VERB] When you confer with someone, you discuss something with them in order to make a decision. You can also say that two people confer. ;; 미국∙영국 [kənˈfɜː(r)] [본문으로]
- ahead of ; 2. (시간적으로) …보다 빨리 [본문으로]
- settlement ; 1. [C] (분쟁 등을 끝내는 공식적인) 합의 ;; 2. [U] (분쟁 등의) 해결 ;; [NOUN] [usu with supp] A settlement is an official agreement between two sides who were involved in a conflict or argument. [본문으로]
- compliance ; [U] ~ (with sth) (법·명령 등의) 준수; (명령 등에) 따름 ; 반의어 non-compliance ; 참조 comply ;; [NOUN] Compliance with something, for example a law, treaty, or agreement means doing what you are required or expected to do. [본문으로]
- internal control (internal check) ; [명사] 내부통제, 내부통제조직 ;; 행정부 내의 상급행정 기관 및 상급자 등에 의해 이루 어지는 행정통제를 말한다. 이러한 내부통제에는 청와대와 국무총리실 등 상급기관에 의한 통제와, 감사원 등 사정기관에 의한 통제, 그리고 중앙 행정부처에 의한 통제 등이 있다. 각종 사정활동과 인사평가 제도, 재무행정 과정 그리고 감사제도 등이 중요한 통제수단이 된다. [본문으로]
- assurance ; 1. [C] 확언, 장담, 확약 ; 유의어 guarantee, promise [본문으로]
- carry weight (with) ; 영향력을 갖다; 의미를 갖다; [사람이] …영향력을 갖다; [사물이] …중요한 의미를 갖다(흔히 부정문에서) [본문으로]
- corruption charges ; 부정부패 혐의 [본문으로]
- intrusive ; (opp. extrusive) 1. 침입의; 주제넘게 참견하는, 방해하는 ;; [ADJ] Something that is intrusive disturbs your mood or your life in a way you do not like. [본문으로]
- insofar as[that ] ; …하는[인] 한에 있어서(는) ;; [PHRASE] You use "insofar as" to introduce a statement which explains and adds to something you have just said. [본문으로]
- wean sb off[from] sth ; ~가 ~을 끊게[그만두게] 하다 ;; 미국∙영국 [wiːn] [본문으로]
- wayward behaviour ; 고집스런 태도 [본문으로]
- in effect ; 1. 사실상[실제로는] ;; 2. (법이나 규정이) 시행[발효] 중인 ;; in actual practice; in fact [본문으로]
- outsource ; [타동사] (상업) (회사가 작업·생산을) 외부에 위탁하다 ;; [VERB] If a company outsources work or things, it pays workers from outside the company to do the work or supply the things. [본문으로]
- parliamentarian ; [명사] (특히 경험 많고 노련한) 의회[국회] 의원 ;; [NOUN] Parliamentarians are Members of a Parliament; used especially to refer to a group of Members of Parliament who are dealing with a particular task. ;; 미국식 [ˌpɑːrləmənˈter-] 영국식 [ˌpɑːləmənˈteəriən] [본문으로]
- dismiss ; 1. [타동사] ~ sb/sth (as sth) (고려할 가치가 없다고) 묵살[일축]하다 ; 유의어 wave aside ;; [VERB] If you dismiss something, you decide or say that it is not important enough for you to think about or consider. [본문으로]
- conspiracy theory ; 음모설 ((역사적 사건 등을 음모 측면에서 해석하는 것)) ;; [NOUN] A conspiracy theory is a belief that a group of people are secretly trying to harm someone or achieve something. You usually use this term to suggest that you think this is unlikely. [본문으로]
- traction ; 4. (사람을) 끄는 힘, 매력, 영향력 ;; [NOUN] [oft in N] Traction is a form of medical treatment, in which weights and pulleys are used to gently pull or stretch an injured part of the body for a period of time. You say that a person who is having this treatment is in traction. [본문으로]
- in high places ; (정부 따위의) 높은 지위의[에], 유력자 중의[에] [본문으로]
- heartfelt ; [주로 명사 앞에 씀] 진심 어린 ;; 깊이 감명한(deeply felt), 성실한, 정성어린(most sincere). [본문으로]
- weigh on ; ~을 (정신적으로) 짓누르다 ;; [동사] (무거운 짐이 되어) 압박하다, 괴롭히다. ; 유의어 cause to worry. [본문으로]
- fictitious ; 1. 가작적인, 소설적인(invented) ; 상상의, 가상의, 가공적(架空的)인(not real, imaginary). ;; 2. 거짓의, 가짜의, 허구의, 허위의(feigned, false ). ;; [ADJ] [usu ADJ n] Fictitious is used to describe something that is false or does not exist, although some people claim that it is true or exists. ;; 미국∙영국 [fɪkˈtɪʃəs] [본문으로]
- masochism ; 2. (비격식) 자기 학대 ;; 미국∙영국 [ˈmæsəkɪzəm] [본문으로]
- decline ; 2. (격식) (정중히) 거절하다, 사양하다 ; 유의어 refuse [본문으로]
- comment ; 1. 논평하다, 비평하다, 의견을 말하다; 이러쿵저러쿵 말하다[on, upon, about]. ;; [VERB] If you comment on something, you give your opinion about it or you give an explanation for it. [본문으로]
- backfire ; 1. [자동사] ~ (on sb) 역효과를 낳다 ;; [VERB] If a plan or project backfires, it has the opposite result to the one that was intended. [본문으로]
- in[on] the hot seat ; 매우 어려운[중대한] 입장에서 ;; a position of responsibility in which you must deal with difficult questions, criticism or attacks [본문으로]
- live on ; 계속 살다[존재하다] ;; to continue to live or exist [본문으로]
- absorb ; 2. [타동사] [흔히 수동태로] (큰 조직의 일부로) 흡수하다 [본문으로]
- look back (on sth) ; (과거를) 되돌아보다 ; 유의어 reflect on ;; to think about something that has happened in your past [본문으로]
- vindication ; 1. [UC] (명예·요구 등의) 옹호, 변호, 지지 ;; 2. [UC] 입증; (비난 등에 대한) 변명, 해명; 정당성 [본문으로]
- logic ; 1. [U] 논리 ;; 2. [U, sing.] 타당성 [본문으로]
- legitimate ; 1. 정당한, 타당한, 적당한 ; 유의어 valid, justifiable ;; 2. 합법적인, 적법한 ; 유의어 legal ; 반의어 illegitimate [본문으로]
- uncomfortably ; 1. (마음이) 불편하게, 거북하게, 언짢게 [본문으로]
- intertwine ; [주로 수동태로] 1. 뒤얽히다, 뒤얽다, 엮다, 엮이다 ;; 2. 밀접하게 관련되다 ;; [VERB] If two or more things are intertwined or intertwine, they are closely connected with each other in many ways. [본문으로]
- be approved by ; ~에 의해 승인되다 [본문으로]
- bring/press/prefer charges against somebody ; ~를 기소하다 [본문으로]
- be over ; 끝나다 [본문으로]
- cease to exist[be] ; 소멸[절멸]하다 ;; 없어지다, 죽다 [본문으로]
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