[Annotated] Why Xi Jinping is worried about 2019

Several important anniversaries loom^[각주:1]. The Communist Party is nervous 

Thirty years ago, as 1989 approached, political storm-clouds were^[각주:2] gathering over China. Bitter divisions had emerged within^[각주:3] the leadership over how far and how fast to pursue economic reform. Inspired by the Soviet Union's liberalizing leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, some people in China were daring to suggest that^[각주:4] their own country should loosen up^[각주:5], too. The calendar for the coming year included^[각주:6] big anniversaries of political events in China's modern history. Many intellectuals were awaiting those dates^[각주:7] with excitement^[각주:8], hoping the occasions would provide them with a pretext to^[각주:9] air^[각주:10] their grievances about^[각주:11] the party's record in power. 

The run-up to 2019 is^[각주:12] far less febrile^[각주:13]. But once again, anniversaries loom. The Communist Party is nervous. 

This may seem odd. Since 1989 China has grown enormously in wealth and influence. The party is firmly in charge^[각주:14]. Yet the security forces will be on full alert^[각주:15]. Censors will work round the clock to^[각주:16] scrub^[각주:17] any unapproved references to^[각주:18] the anniversaries. That will not be easy: the list of anniversaries that fall in years ending with 9^[각주:19], and that have sensitive connotations for the party^[각주:20], has grown. At its top is the date of the bloody suppression of^[각주:21] the pro-democracy protests in 1989 that were the culmination of^[각주:22] that heady mood^[각주:23] three decades ago. 

As in 1989^[각주:24], it will not be easy for the censors to^[각주:25] ensure political conformity^[각주:26]. That is because some of the anniversaries are ones that the party itself likes to commemorate^[각주:27], so it cannot simply ban all mentions of them. Take May Fourth. That day in 2019 will mark 100 years since the student movement that led to the party's founding in 1921 - much, then, for the party to celebrate. But in 1989 the 70th anniversary of the May Fourth Movement was a huge inspiration to the protesters in Tiananmen Square. They described themselves, not the party, as^[각주:28] the true inheritors of^[각주:29] the patriotic and pro-reform spirit of the students in^[각주:30] 1919. There is little sign of campus unrest today^[각주:31]. But China's leaders know that moods can be fickle^[각주:32]. In 1988 Chinese dissidents^[각주:33] lamented that^[각주:34] students seemed more interested in playing mah-jong^[각주:35] than in politics. How wrong they were. 

The 70th anniversary on October 1st of the founding of the People's Republic will be another occasion that the party and the public could interpret in different ways^[각주:36]. Early in 1989 Fang Lizhi, a prominent Chinese dissident^[각주:37] (who died in exile in^[각주:38] 2012), wrote that the anniversaries that year on May 4th and October 1st would be "eloquent symbols of^[각주:39] China's hope and despair" that would show how the "naive sincerity" of^[각주:40] Chinese people at the start of Communist rule in 1949 had been "betrayed". Few Chinese would put it so starkly now^[각주:41]. Many express pride in their country's growing international clout^[각주:42]. But in regions populated by ethnic minorities^[각주:43], October 1st will be less of an occasion for cheer. 

Security will be intense across Tibet and Xinjiang to prevent those who chafe at Chinese rule from^[각주:44] expressing their discontent^[각주:45]. In March it will be 30 years since the imposition of^[각주:46] martial law in^[각주:47] the Tibetan capital, Lhasa, after riots triggered by the anniversary of the uprising in^[각주:48] 1959 that prompted the Dalai Lama to flee to India^[각주:49]. Expect the 60th anniversary in 2019 of the Tibetan leader's exile to be tense^[각주:50].

Perennial paranoia 

As usual, censors will erase almost any mention of the Tiananmen Square protests, the 30th anniversary of the crushing of which falls on June 4th. China's leader, Xi Jinping, has shown no interest in reviving any memories of^[각주:51] that regime-threatening episode. For all his swagger on the world stage^[각주:52], Mr Xi acts at home as if the party is still in danger. He has presided over^[각주:53] a sweeping^[각주:54] clampdown on civil society with^[각주:55] the arrests of many lawyers, ngo workers and rights activists. "Colour revolutions" that have toppled^[각주:56] other authoritarian regimes^[각주:57] appear to haunt him^[각주:58]. He has shown no inclination to^[각주:59] ease the brutal campaign, launched in July 1999, to eradicate Falun Gong^[각주:60], a quasi-Buddhist^[각주:61] sect that^[각주:62] once had millions of followers. Attempts to mark this date by the faith's diehard^[각주:63] adherents in^[각주:64] China (and supporters abroad) will add to Mr Xi's anniversary woes^[각주:65]. 

Especially in a year so resounding with^[각주:66] historical echoes, Mr Xi will do nothing in 2019 to relax his vice-like controls^[각주:67]. Instead, as a trade war rages with America, he will redouble his efforts to^[각주:68] prevent unrest at home. He well knows that dissidents in China have long used patriotism as a cloak for^[각주:69] attacking the establishment, as protesters did in both 1919 and 1989. So the party will be on guard^[각주:70] lest public anger with^[각주:71] America turn against^[각주:72] Mr Xi and the party itself. 

1. loom ; [자동사] 1. 어렴풋이 나타나다, 흐릿하게 보이다 ;; 3. [종종 ~ large로] <위험·근심 등이> 불안하게 다가오다; <사물이> 매우 중대하게[확대되어] 보이다 ;; [VERB] If something looms over you, it appears as a large or unclear shape, often in a frightening way. [본문으로]
2. storm-cloud ; 폭풍우가 될 구름; [보통 pl.] 동란의 전조 ;; [NOUN] [usu pl] Storm clouds are the dark clouds which are seen before a storm. [본문으로]
3. division ; 3. [C, U] ~ (in/within sth) | ~ (between A and B) (특히 사회·단체 내의) 분열 [본문으로]
4. dare to ; (Risk를 무릅쓰고) 과감히 ~ 하다 [본문으로]
5. loosen up ; (운동을 하기 전과 같은 경우에) 몸[근육/~ 부위]을 풀어 주다 ;; 긴장을 풀다 [본문으로]
6. a calendar for the coming year ; 내년 달력 [본문으로]
7. await ; [VN] (격식) 1. [타동사] (…을) 기다리다 ;; 2. [타동사] (어떤 일이 사람 앞에) 기다리다 ;; [VERB] If you await someone or something, you wait for them. [본문으로]
8. with excitement ; 흥분하여 [본문으로]
9. pretext ; [명사] ~ (for sth/for doing sth) | ~ (to do sth) 구실, 핑계 ;; [NOUN] A pretext is a reason which you pretend has caused you to do something. ;; 미국∙영국 [ˈpriːtekst] [본문으로]
10. air ; 3. [타동사][VN] (의견을) 발표하다 유의어 voice ;; 4. (특히 美) 방송하다; 방송되다 [본문으로]
11. grievance ; (특히 부당 취급에 대한) 불평 거리, 불만의 원인 ((against)); 불평(의 호소) ;; [NOUN] If you have a grievance about something that has happened or been done, you believe that it was unfair. [본문으로]
12. run-up ; (英) 1. (드물게 ˈrun-in) ~ (to sth) (중요 행사의) 준비[준비 기간] ;; [NOUN] [usu the N to n] The run-up to an event is the period of time just before it. [본문으로]
13. febrile ; 열병의; 열로 생기는, 발열의, 열이 있는(feverish); 열광적인 ;; 미국∙영국 [ˈfiːbraɪl] [본문으로]
14. in charge ; 1. …을 맡은, 담당인 ;; 2. (영국) 체포되어, 구류되어 ;; having control or command (of something) [본문으로]
15. be on full[high] alert ;; 만반의 준비를 하다 [본문으로]
16. around/round the clock ;; 24시간 내내[밤낮으로] ;; 끊임없이, 계속해서, 죽 [본문으로]
17. scrub ; 4. [속어] …을 폐지하다, 취소하다(out). ;; 6. [美속어] 못쓰게 만들다; 잊다. ;; 8. (컴퓨터) 〔파일〕을 지워 깨끗이 하다; 〔테이프〕를 편집하여 수정하다. [본문으로]
18. unapproved ; [형용사] 시인되지 않은, 인정되지 않은, 허가되지 않은. ;; [ADJ] not having been given approval or sanction [본문으로]
19. end with ; …으로 끝나다 [본문으로]
20. connotation ; 1. 넌 지시 말하기, 의미의 암시. ;; 2. 언외(言外)의 뜻, 함축(含蓄)(implication). ;; 3. (논리) 내포(內包)(intention)(opp. denotation). ;; [NOUN] The connotations of a particular word or name are the ideas or qualities which it makes you think of. [본문으로]
21. suppression ; [U] 진압; 억제 [본문으로]
22. culmination ; [명사] (격식) (오랫동안 계속된 일의) 정점[최고조] ;; [NOUN] Something, especially something important, that is the culmination of an activity, process, or series of events happens at the end of it. [본문으로]
23. heady ; (head·ier, headi·est) 1. [주로 명사 앞에 씀] 자극적인, 흥분시키는; 의기양양하게 만드는 ; 유의어 intoxicating ;; 2. [명사 앞에는 안 씀] (사람이) 의기양양한 ;; [ADJ] A heady drink, atmosphere, or experience strongly affects your senses, for example by making you feel drunk or excited. [본문으로]
24. as in ; …의 경우(에서)와 같이 [본문으로]
25. censor ; 1. (출판물·영화·방송·우편물 따위의) 검열관, 검열 담당자. ;; [NOUN] A censor is a person who has been officially appointed to examine letters or the media and to cut out any parts that are regarded as secret. [본문으로]
26. conformity ; [U] ~ (to/with sth) (격식) (규칙·관습 등에) 따름, 순응 ;; [NOUN] [oft in N with n] If something happens in conformity with something such as a law or someone's wishes, it happens as the law says it should, or as the person wants it to. [본문으로]
27. commemorate ; 1. 기념하다, …의 기념식을 올리다, (축사·축전<祝典>으로) 축하하다(celebrate). ;; 2. (기념비·날 따위가) …의 기념이 되다 ; …의 명예를 후세에 남기다. ;; [VERB] To commemorate an important event or person means to remember them by means of a special action, ceremony, or specially created object. [본문으로]
28. describe oneself as ; ...라고 자칭하다. [본문으로]
29. inheritor ; 1. [주로 복수로] ~ of sth (사상 등의) 후계자 ; 유의어 heir ;; 2. 상속인 ; 유의어 heir ;; [NOUN] The inheritors of something such as a tradition are the people who live or arrive after it has been established and are able to benefit from it. [본문으로]
30. pro-reform ; [ADJ] in favour of or supporting reform, esp within politics [본문으로]
31. unrest ; [U] (사회·정치적인) 불안[불만] ;; [NOUN] If there is unrest in a particular place or society, people are expressing anger and dissatisfaction about something, often by demonstrating or rioting. [본문으로]
32. fickle ; (못마땅함) 1. 변덕스러운, 변화가 심한 ;; 2. (사람이) 변덕스러운 ;; [ADJ] If you describe someone as fickle, you disapprove of them because they keep changing their mind about what they like or want. [본문으로]
33. dissident ; 의견을 달리하는 사람, 반대자(dissenter)[from]; 반체제 인사. ;; [NOUN] Dissidents are people who disagree with and criticize their government, especially because it is undemocratic. ;; 미국∙영국 [ˈdɪsɪdənt] [본문으로]
34. lament ; 1. 슬퍼하다, 비탄하다, 애도하다 ;; 2. (깊이) 후회하다, 애석히 여기다, 안타까워하다 [본문으로]
35. mah-jong ; 마작(麻雀). [본문으로]
36. interpret ; [자동사] 통역을 하다; 설명하다, 해석하다 [본문으로]
37. prominent ; 1. 중요한; 유명한 ;; 2. 눈에 잘 띄는, 두드러진, 현저한 ; 유의어 noticeable [본문으로]
38. exile ; 1. [U, sing.] 망명; 추방, 유배 ;; [NOUN] [usu prep N] If someone is living in exile, they are living in a foreign country because they cannot live in their own country, usually for political reasons. [본문으로]
39. eloquent ; 2. (표현이) 감명적인, 표현[표정]이 풍부한; (…을) 잘 나타내는[of]. [본문으로]
40. sincerity ; [명사] [U] 성실, 정직; 표리가 없음 [본문으로]
41. starkly ; [부사] 순전하게, 완전히. [본문으로]
42. clout ; 1. [U] 영향력 ;; [NOUN] A person or institution that has clout has influence and power. [본문으로]
43. ethnic minority ; [명사] (다른 민족 국가에 거주하는) 소수 민족 집단 ;; [NOUN] an immigrant or racial group regarded by those claiming to speak for the cultural majority as distinct and unassimilated [본문으로]
44. chafe ; 2. [자동사][V] ~ (at/under sth) (격식) (특히 어떤 한계 때문에) 짜증내다[애태우다] ;; [VERB] If your skin chafes or is chafed by something, it becomes sore as a result of something rubbing against it. ;; 미국∙영국 [tʃeɪf] [본문으로]
45. discontent ; [U, C] ~ (at/over/with sth) 불만; 불만스러운 것 ; 유의어 dissatisfaction ; 참조 contentment [본문으로]
46. imposition ; 1. [U] (새로운 법률·세금 등의) 시행[도입] [본문으로]
47. martial law ; [U] 계엄령 [본문으로]
48. uprising ; [명사] ~ (against sth) 봉기, 반란, 폭동 ; 유의어 rebellion, revolt ;; [NOUN] When there is an uprising, a group of people start fighting against the people who are in power in their country, because they want to bring about a political change. ;; 미국∙영국 [ˈʌpraɪzɪŋ] [본문으로]
49. prompt ; [타동사] 1. 자극하다, 격려하다(inspire) ((to)); 촉구하다, 부추기다 ;; [VERB] To prompt someone to do something means to make them decide to do it. [본문으로]
50. tense ; 2. (상황사건시기 등이) 긴박한, 긴장된 ;; [ADJ] A tense situation or period of time is one that makes people anxious, because they do not know what is going to happen next. [본문으로]
51. revive memories ; 회상하다, 기억을 떠올리다, 추억을 되살리다 [본문으로]
52. swagger ; 뽐낸 걸음걸이 ; 활보(swaggering gait) ; 뽐내는[으쓱한] 태도. [본문으로]
53. preside over ; to lead or be in charge of a meeting, ceremony, etc. [본문으로]
54. sweeping ; 1. [주로 명사 앞에 씀] 전면적인 ;; 2. [주로 명사 앞에 씀] (못마땅함) (지나치게) 광범위한[포괄적인] [본문으로]
55. clampdown ;[명사] [美속어] 탄압, 엄중한 단속(crackdown)[on]. [본문으로]
56. topple ; 1. [자, 타동사][+ adv. / prep.] 넘어지다; 넘어뜨리다 ;; [VERB] If someone or something topples somewhere or if you topple them, they become unsteady or unstable and fall over. [본문으로]
57. authoritarian regimes ; (정치학) <용어>권위주의체제 ;; 일반적으로 비민주적인 정치체제를 나타내는 의미로 사용되지만 엄밀하게는 민주정치와도 전체주의와도 다른 정치체제를 가리킨다. 스페인의 정치학자 린스는 프랑코 체제를 예로 들어 민주정치에서 정치참가의 보장이나 복수정당체체는 인정되지 않고, 전체주의 체제에서 단일정당과 그 아래의 대중동원도 없고, 한정된 범위에서는 다원주의가 허용되는 체제로서 권위주의체제를 정의하고 이것이 라틴아메리카의 군사정권이나 동ㆍ동남아시아의 개발독재 등을 설명하는 개념으로서도 사용되었다. 1970년대 후반부터 라틴아메리카에서 또한 1980년대 이후는 동ㆍ동남아시아에서도 민주정치로의 이행이 계속되었기 때문에 권위주의체제로 분류되는 제국의 수는 감소하였다. 그러나 아프리카의 수단이나 동남아시아의 미얀마 등에는 지금도 여전히 권위주의체제가 남아 있으며 또한 시장경제로의 이행 과정에 있는 공산주의국가는 전체주의 체제가 권위주의체제로 변화하였다고 지적되는 경우도 있다. [본문으로]
58. haunt ; 3. [타동사] (오랫동안) 계속 문제가 되다[괴롭히다] ;; [VERB] If something unpleasant haunts you, you keep thinking or worrying about it over a long period of time. [본문으로]
59. inclination ; 1. [U, C] ~ (to do sth) | ~ (towards/for sth) (…하려는) 의향[뜻]; 성향 ;; [NOUN] An inclination is a feeling that makes you want to act in a particular way. [본문으로]
60. Falun Gong ; [명사] 파룬궁(法輪功)(불교·도교·기공(氣功)(qigong) 등을 뒤섞은 민간 신앙·수양 운동; 20세기말 중국에서 출현). (또는 Falungong) ;; [NOUN] a modern religious movement combining aspects of Buddhism and Taoism, especially the practice of qi gong, founded by Li Hongzhi in 1992 [본문으로]
61. quasi ; 의사(擬似)의; 유사의; 준(準)…, 반(半)… [HELP] quasi-로서 연결형이 되는 경우와 뜻은 같음 ;; 미국·영국 [kwéizai,-sai,kwɑ́:zi] [본문으로]
62. sect ; [명사] (때로 못마땅함) 종파(宗派) ;; [NOUN] A sect is a group of people that has separated from a larger group and has a particular set of religious or political beliefs. [본문으로]
63. diehard ; [형용사] 보수적인, 완고한 ;; [NOUN] A diehard is someone who is very strongly opposed to change and new ideas, or who is a very strong supporter of a person or idea. [본문으로]
64. adherent ; [명사] (격식) (정당·사상 등의) 지지자 ; 유의어 supporter ;; [NOUN] An adherent is someone who holds a particular belief or supports a particular person or group. ;; 미국식 [ədˈhɪr-] 영국식 [ədˈhɪərənt] [본문으로]
65. woe ; (구식 또는 유머) 1. [pl.] woes 고민, 문제 ;; 미국식 [woʊ] 영국식 [wəʊ] [본문으로]
66. resound ; 2. [자동사] ~ (with/to sth) (장소에) (소리가 가득) 울리다[울려 퍼지다] ;; [VERB] When a noise resounds, it is heard very loudly and clearly. ;; 미국∙영국 [rɪˈzaʊnd] [본문으로]
67. vicelike ; viselike ; (바이스처럼) 단단히[꽉] 죈[죄는, 무는] [본문으로]
68. redouble ; [타동사][VN] (노력 등을) 배가(倍加)[강화]하다 ;; [VERB] If you redouble your efforts, you try much harder to achieve something. If something redoubles, it increases in volume or intensity. [본문으로]
69. cloak ; 2. 가리는 것, 덮개(covering); 가면, 구실(pretext) ;; 은폐하는 수단[물건], 가면, 가장; 구실, 핑계. ;; 미국식 [kloʊk] 영국식 [kləʊk] [본문으로]
70. be on guard ; 보초서고[망보고] 있다 [본문으로]
71. lest ; [접속사] (격식 또는 문예체) 1. …하지 않도록 ;; 2. …할까 봐(특정한 감정의 원인을 나타냄) ;; 유의어 in case ;; [CONJ] If you do something lest something unpleasant should happen, you do it to try to prevent the unpleasant thing from happening. [본문으로]
72. turn (sb) against sb ; ~에게 등을 돌리다/~로 하여금 ~에게서 등을 돌리게 하다 ;; to stop, or to make somebody stop, being friendly towards somebody; to stop, or to make somebody stop, supporting somebody/something [본문으로]