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[Annotated] Our pick of the decade's eight best young economists
af334 2019. 1. 2. 15:50They mostly want to change the world, not just fathom it1
"The solution in Vietnam", said William DePuy, an American general in 1966, "is more bombs, more shells, more napalm2." But where exactly to drop it all? To help guide the bombing3, the Pentagon's whizz kids4 calculated the threat posed by different hamlets to the American-backed government in South Vietnam. Fed with data5 capturing 169 criteria6, their computer crunched the numbers into7 overall scores8, which were then converted into9 letter grades10: from A to E. The lower the grade, the heavier the bombing.
Almost 50 years later, these grades caught the eye of11 Melissa Dell, an economist at Harvard University. Those letters, she realized, created an unusually clean test of DePuy's solution. A village scoring 1.512 and another scoring 1.49 would be almost equally insecure. But the first would get a D and the second an E, thus qualifying for heavier bombing. To judge the effectiveness of the onslaught13, then, a researcher need only compare the two. Simple.
Or not. Inconveniently, the scores had not survived: only the letter grades (and the 169 indicators14 underlying them15, preserved because of an IBM lawsuit16). To resurrect the algorithm that17 linked the two, Ms Dell embarked on what18 she calls a "treasure hunt". She stumbled on an old journal article which suggested19 the army had removed hundreds of musty records20 waiting to be catalogued by21 the National Archives. She tracked those files to Fort McNair where a military historian dug out the matrices22 she needed to reverse engineer the algorithm23.
That kind of tenacity24 is one reason why Ms Dell, who is still in her 30s, is among the best economists of her generation. We arrived at that conclusion based on an investigative strategy somewhat25 less sophisticated than those for which she is celebrated26: we asked around27, seeking recommendations from senior members of the profession. They named over 60 promising young scholars. We narrowed that list down to eight economists who28 we think represent the future of the discipline29: Ms Dell and her Harvard colleagues Isaiah Andrews, Nathaniel Hendren and Stefanie Stantcheva; Parag Pathak and Heidi Williams of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Emi Nakamura of the University of California, Berkeley and Amir Sufi of the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. Taken together30, they display an impressive combination of clever empiricism31 and serious-minded32 wonkery33. They represent much of what's right with economics as well as the acumen of34 top American universities in scooping up talent35.
This is the fourth time we have assembled such a list36, and a pattern emerges. The first group, from 1988, was dominated by brilliant theorists who brought new analytical approaches to37 bear on38 long-standing policy questions39. Back then40, theorists were treated like the "Mozarts" of the profession41, according to one member of that generation. Two of these maestros42 have since been to Stockholm to collect Nobel prizes: Paul Kruman in 2008 and Jean Tirole in 2014.
In those days43, empirical work44 enjoyed less prestige45. As Edward Leamer of the University of California, Los Angeles noted earlier in the 1980s, "Hardly anyone takes data analyses seriously46. Or perhaps more accurately, hardly anyone takes anyone else's data analyses seriously." It was easy for economists to proclaim47 a seemingly48 significant finding49 if they tweaked their statistical tests enough50.
By 1998 theory was giving way to a new empiricism51. One member of the cohort52 we chose that year, Harvard's Michael Kremer, was arguing that randomized trials53 could revolutionize education54, much as they had revolutionized medicine. Another, Caroline Hoxby of Stanford, showcased the creative potential of55 a "quasi-56experimental" technique57: the instrumental variable. She wanted to know whether competition for58 pupils59 improved school quality. But this was hard to gauge60, because quality could also affect competition. To untie61 this knot62, she employed an unlikely third factor - rivers - as an "instrument". Places densely63 reticulated by rivers64 tend to be divided into many school districts65, resulting in fiercer competition between them. If these locales also have better schools, it is presumably because of66 that competition. It is not because better schools cause more rivers.
This cohort's Mozart - the empiricists with, if anything67, "too many notes" - was Steven Levitt of the University of Chicago. In his view, "Economics is a science with excellent tools for gaining answers68 but a serious shortage of interesting questions69," as Stephen Dubner, a journalist, once put it. In pursuit of more compelling questions70, he roamed freely71, carrying his tools into unconventional72 and even quirky areas of research73 (penalty kicks, sumo and "The Weakest Link", a game show). The result was "Freakonomics", a bestseller written with Mr Dubner, and a phalanx of74 imitators75.
Ten years later, many of our picks of 2008 also excelled in76 empirical work77. Esther Duflo of MIT institutionalized the randomized trials that78 Mr Kremer helped pioneer79. Jesse Shapiro of Brown University - still under 40, but we are not allowing double dipping80 - delighted in some of81 the same empirical virtuosity as82 Mr Levitt.
The work exemplified by these two waves of83 economists (and many others) amounted to84 a "credibility revolution85" in the discipline, wrote Joshua Angrist and Jörn-Steffen Pischke, authors of the revolutionary movement's textbook, "Mostly Harmless Econometrics86". Like many revolutions, this one was founded on a change in the mode of production87: the introduction of personal computers and digitization88, which brought large bodies of data into89 economists' laps90.
Like all revolutions, this one was followed by91 a backlash92. The critics lodged93 three related objections94. The first was a neglect of theory95: the new empiricists were not always particularly interested in testing formal models of how the world worked. Their experiments or cleverly chosen instruments might show what caused what, but they could not always explain why. Their failure to distinguish96 mechanisms97 cast doubt on how98 general their findings might be. Like jamming musicians who never write anything down, they could not know if their best grooves99 return in new settings.
The second objection was a lack of seriousness. "Freakonomics" had encouraged an emerging generation of economists to trivialize their subject100, their critics alleged, somewhat unfairly. "Many young economists are going for the cute and the clever at the expense of101 working on hard and important foundational problems102," complained James Heckman, a Nobel laureate103, in 2005.
The new empiricists were also accused of looking for keys under lampposts104. Some showed more allegiance to105 their preferred investigative tools than to the subject or question under investigation106. That left them little reason to return to the same question, unless they found more neat data or a new oblique approach107. This hit-and-run approach108 makes some scholars nervous, since even a perfectly designed one-off experiment109 can deliver110 a "false positive111".
Delving deeper112
Where does that leave today's bright young things? This year's cohort113 has certainly picked up its predecessors' empirical virtuosity114. Their papers are full of the neat tricks that115 enlivened116 the credibility revolution117. Mr Pathak and his co-authors118 have compared pupils who119 only just made it into elite public schools120 with others who only just missed out121, rather as Ms Dell compared villages on either side of the Pentagon's bombing thresholds. The study showed that the top schools achieve top-tier results by122 the simple contrivance of123 admitting the best students, not necessarily by providing the best education. Ms Dell and her co-author showed that bombing stiffened villages' resistance124 rather than breaking their resolve125.
Ms Williams has exploited126 a number of institutional127 kinks in128 the American patent system to study medical innovation. Some patent129 examiners130, for example, are known to be harder to impress than others. That allowed her to compare genes that were patented by131 lenient examiners with132 largely similar genes denied patents by their stricter colleagues. She and her co-author found that patents did not, as some claimed, inhibit133 follow-on research by134 other firms. This suggested that patent-holders135 were happy to let others use their intellectual property (for a fee).
Our economists of 2018 also show great doggedness in136 unearthing137 and refining new data138. Ms Dell is interested in the economic consequences of139 America's decision to "purge" managers from140 Japan's biggest companies after 1945. To this end141 she is helping develop new computer-vision tools that will digitize musty142, irregular tables of information from that time.
For a paper called "Dancing with the Stars", which shows how inventors gain from143 interactions with each other144. Ms Stantcheva and colleagues painstakingly145 linked some 800,000 people in a roster of European inventors146 to their employers, their location and their co-inventors147 in order to find out what sorts of propinquity were148 most propitious149. Mr Hendren has joined forces with150 Harvard's Raj Chetty (another of our alumni of151 2008) to exploit an enormous cross-generational set of data from152 America's census bureau153. The data link 20m 30-somethings154 with their parents155, who can be identified because they once claimed their offspring156 as dependents on their tax forms. The link has allowed Mr Hendren to study the transmission of inequality from one generation to the next157.
The 2018 cohort's combination of clever methods and dogged158 snuffling out of data159 comes along with a rejection of some of the more frolicsome160 manifestations of161 earlier new empiricists162. Many of them display an admirable millennial163 earnestness164. They are mostly tackling subjects that are both in line with165 long-standing166 economic concerns167 and of grave public importance168. Ms Williams seeks a more rigorous understanding of169 technological progress in170 medicine and health care, which many commentators171 casually assert172 was the largest factor in improving people's lives over the past century. Ms Dell is interested in the effects of economic institutions, such as the forced labour used in Peruvian silver mines before 1812. The lingering173 consequences of174 that colonial exploitation175 are visible176, she says, in the stunted growth of177 Peruvian schoolchildren178 even today.
Ms Stantcheva studies tax, perhaps the least cute subject in179 the canon180. As well as investigating the public opinions181 and values that shape today's tax systems, she also studies taxation's indirect and long-term consequences. Taxation can, for example, inhibit investments in training or scare off the inventors who182 drive innovation183. On the other hand, successful professionals often have to work hard as a signal of their ability to their bosses, who cannot observe184 their aptitude directly185. That rat race, she points out, limits their scope to186 slack off even in the face of high top rates of tax187. With Thomas Piketty of the Paris School of Economics (the most obvious omission from our list in188 2008) and another co-author, she has explored how tax rates affect rich people's incentives to work189, to underreport income190, and to bargain for higher pay at191 the expense of their colleagues192 and shareholders. When that third incentive predominates193, top rates as high as 80% might be justified.
Mr Hendren's work on the market's failures to provide health insurance was, he says, "ripped from the headlines" of194 the Obamacare debate. His more recent research on social mobility is195 almost as topical196. The son of a black millionaire, he has found, has a 2-3% chance of being in prison. Among white men only those with parents earning $35,000 or less have odds of197 incarceration that high198. Black disadvantage is not confined to bad neighbourhoods199. Mr Hendren and his co-authors have discovered that black boys have lower rates of upward mobility than200 white boys in 99% of America's localities201. Young black women, on the other hand, typically earn a little more than white women with similarly poor parents. This research with Mr Chetty should inform a broad swathe of202 thinking about race in America.
Crisis? What crisis?
In short203, our picks of 2018 are looking for the intellectual keys to important social puzzles204; they are willing to move lampposts, turn on headlights or light candles to find them.
Mr Pathak provides a good example of this question-driven205, issues-first approach206. In his work on school choice he began by examining the matching algorithms that many American cities use to decide which pupils can attend oversubscribed schools207. Previous systems encouraged parents who were in the know to208 rank less competitive "safety schools" above their true favourites209. Mr Pathak's research has helped promote mechanisms that allow parents to be honest.
Now that these improved formulae210 have caught on211, Mr Pathak's algorithmic expertise is less urgently required. A different kind of economist, committed to the algorithms more than the schools, might have dropped education for problems tractable to similar approaches in other fields212. But Mr Pathak is exploring other ways to improve school quality instead.
This habit of sticking with big questions213 should make this generation of scholars less vulnerable to the curse of false positives. But this is not the only way in which the new crop is214 helping to clean up the academic literature. One rule of thumb when215 reading journals is that dull results that nonetheless reach publication are probably true, but that striking216, eminently217 publishable stories218 should be taken with a pinch of salt219. Mr Andrews's quantitative work on these problems seeks to weigh out the appropriate salt220 per unit of221 splashiness222. According to his calculations223, studies showing that the minimum wage significantly hurts employment are three times more likely to be published than studies finding a negligible impact224. Knowing the size of this bias, he and his co-author can then correct for it. They calculate that minimum wages probably damage employment only half as much as published studies alone would suggest.
Mr Andrews has also scrutinized225 the instrumental variables that featured so heavily in the credibility revolution. To work well, an instrument (such as the river networks Ms Hoxby used as a proxy for school competition226) should be tightly linked to the explanatory factor227 under examination228. Often the link is weaker than economists would like, and their efforts to allow for this229 may be less adequate than230 they suppose. Mr Andrews and his co-authors have reassessed231 the reliability of232 17 articles published in the profession's leading journal, suggesting better ways for economists to handle the instruments they use. "No econometrician has233 generated more widespread excitement than him in very long time," according to Edward Glaeser of Harvard (one of our 1998 batch234).
So how have these question-driven economists tackled the biggest economic question of the past decade: the global financial crisis? That disaster posed a problem for235 quasi-experimental236 empirical methods237, which work better for data-rich microeconomics238 than for macroeconomics, where the data are less plentiful239. The scope for240 macroeconomic experimentation is241 also limited. On April Fools' Day242 an economist circulated243 an abstract244 purportedly245 co-written by246 Ben Bernanke and Janet Yellen in which the former central bankers247 revealed they had raised and lowered interest rates randomly during their stints in office in248 a covert experiment249 known only to themselves. In reality250, as Ms Nakamura points out, the Federal Reserve employs hundreds of PhDs to make sure its decisions are as responsive to the economy251 (and therefore non-random252) as possible.
None of today's bright young macroeconomists253 have reinvented254 their sub-discipline in255 the wake of the Great Recession in256 the way that John Maynard Keynes did after the Great Depression257 (although Keynes was already 52 when he published "The General Theory"). If they had they would have drawn more attention from the nominators of this list.
Yet, unlike our bath in 2008, this year's group does contain two economists who258 have carried the credibility revolution some way into macroeconomics. Ms Nakamura, who writes many of her papers with Jon Steinsson, also at Berkeley, has used micro methods to answer macro questions. Working with the Bureau of Labour Statistics259 she has unpacked America's inflation index260, examining the prices for everything from health care to Cheerios entangled within it261. Whereas macroeconomists typically look at quarterly national data262, her work cuts up time and space much more finely263. She has divided America into its 50 states and the passage of time into minutes. This has let her shed light on264 fiscal stimulus and the impact of monetary policy265 as seen through the half-hour window in which financial markets digest266 surprising nuances from267 Fed meetings.
One of her most provocative papers268 is also the simplest. She and her co-authors argue that America's slow recovery from its recent recessions is269 not the result of a profound "secular stagnation270" as posited by Larry Summers271 (one of our 1998 picks). Rather it reflects the fact that the rise in the number of working women, rapid for several decades after the war, has since slowed. In the past, the influx of women put overall employment on a strong upward trajectory272. Thus273 after a recession, the economy had to create a lot of jobs to catch up with274 the rising trend275. In more recent decades, employment trends have flattened276. Thus even a relatively jobless recovery277 will restore the economy to278 its underlying path279.
Our final pick, Mr Sufi, is like Ms Nakamura, exploiting voluminous data unavailable to280 scholars of previous downturns to281 understand the Great Recession. Had America merely suffered from an asset bubble in282 housing283 (like the dotcom bubble of the 1990s) or a lending284 mishap285 (like the savings and loan crisis of the 1980s), it could have weathered the storm286, he feels. But high levels of household debt made the spending fall unusually severe and the policy response (a banking rescue and low interest rates) surprisingly ineffective. Mr Sufi and Atif Mian of Princeton University find evidence for their macro-view in a micro-map of debt, spending and unemployment across America's counties. The households of287 California's Monterey county, for example, had debts worth 3.9 times their incomes on the eve of the crisis288. Spending289 cutbacks in290 counties like this accounted for 65% of the jobs lost in America from 2007 to 2009, they estimate291. The Obama administration's failure to provide more debt relief for292 homeowners with293 negative equity294 was the biggest policy mistake of the Great Recession, they say.
Because they want to change the world, not just delight in295 its perversity296, many of these economists engage closely with policy297. Ms Stantcheva now sits on France's equivalent of the council of economic advisers298. Mr Sufi is pushing for mortgage payments299 to be linked to300 a local house-price index301, falling when the index does, but allowing the lenders a small slice of the homeowners' gains if the market rises. He and Mr Mian have also proposed linking student-loan repayments to302 the unemployment rate of recent graduates.
Intriguingly303, this concern for real-world outcomes is pushing some of these young economists back towards theory. In recommending a policy reform, an economist is saying that it serves some objective better than the status quo304. That objective needs a theoretical rationale305. A goal like improving well-being might seem bland306 and unexceptionable307. But most policies hurt some people while helping others. How should society weigh the hurt against the help308?
Ms Stantcheva and Emmanuel Saez, of the University of California, Berkeley, have proposed a theoretical framework that accommodates different answers to that question309 (utilitarian, libertarian, Rawlsian310, and so on). Meanwhile Mr Hendren has calculated that the American tax system is implicitly311 willing to impose $1.5-2 of hurt on rich people312 to provide $1 of help to the poor. That provides one possible benchmark for evaluating new policies313.
Engaging with314 policy can take a toll315. "I've testified in316 about 15 different school-committee meetings," says Mr Pathak. "I've had families shouting at me." But it is also stimulating317, he adds, not just because it helps people, but also because it enriches research318. "Testifying in school-committee meetings is one of richest sources of research ideas I've ever had."
When Thomas Menino, Boston's long-serving former mayor319, expressed concern that the city's policy of busing kids to320 their school of choice across321 the city was undermining the sense of community around322 some schools, Mr Pathak looked into "walk zones", which reserve systems some places for children schemes turned out to have far-reaching effects323. The theoretical subtleties324 he uncovered325 proved to be "incredibly rich", Mr Pathak says, keeping him fruitfully busy for326 a couple of years on something that "there's no way we would have looked at... without interacting with Boston and the mayor." By answering practical questions rigorously327, economists can both make themselves useful and be spurred in interesting new directions328.
The importance of fingerwork329
Mozart's first biographer claimed that the child prodigy330 composed his music feverishly331 in his mind, without ever coming to the "klavier332". Many people came to believe that he could compose whole masterpieces while walking after dinner, travelling in a carriage333 or "in the quiet repose of the night334".
More recent musicology335 casts doubt on336 this account337. Much of Mozart's work was sketched out338, or even improvised, on339 a keyboard; he is thought to have done little composition without one340.
The theorists of the 1980s resembled the mythical Mozart of the popular imagination341, completing beautiful deductive theories with their minds342, before seeing how they played in the real world. The best young economists of today343 more closely resemble the less magical Mozart described by later scholars. Just as344 he walked back and forth between his compositional sketches345 and his piano, they move back and forth between their theoretical notation346 and their empirical instruments, searching for the keys to knowledge.
- fathom ; 1. [보통 부정문에서] <사람의 마음 등을> 추측[간파]하다, 통찰[이해]하다 ;; 2. …의 수심을 재다 ((sound 쪽이 일반적임)) ;; [VERB] If you cannot fathom something, you are unable to understand it, although you think carefully about it. [본문으로]
- napalm ; [U] 네이팜(화염성 폭약의 원료로 쓰이는 젤리 형태의 물질) ;; [NOUN] Napalm is a substance containing petrol which is used to make bombs that burn people, buildings, and plants. [본문으로]
- bombing ; [UC/] 폭격, 폭탄 투하; 폭탄 투척; 폭파 (사건) [본문으로]
- whizz-kid ; (특히 英) (美 주로 ˈwhiz-kid) ;; (비격식) 젊은 귀재[명수] ;; [NOUN] If you refer to a young person as a whizz-kid, you mean that they have achieved success at a young age because they are very clever and very good at something, especially making money. [본문으로]
- feed with ; …를 제공하다. [본문으로]
- criteria ; [명사] 규준, 표준, 기준 ; 참조 standard ;; criterion의 복수형. [본문으로]
- crunch (the) numbers ; [Verb] (idiomatic) To figure; to do the math. ;; 수치를 계산하다 [본문으로]
- overall score ; 최종 점수, 종합 점수, 전체 점수, 총점 [본문으로]
- be converted into ; ~으로 전환되다 [본문으로]
- letter grade ; [명사] 문자 등급 성적(A,B,C 따위 등급 성적). [본문으로]
- catch the eye of ; ~의 눈을 사로잡다 [본문으로]
- score ; 3. (시험 등에서) 점수를 받다 [본문으로]
- onslaught ; [명사] ~ (against/on sb/sth) | ~ (of sth) 맹공격, 맹습 ;; [NOUN] [usu with supp, oft N on/against n, N by n] An onslaught on someone or something is a very violent, forceful attack against them. [본문으로]
- indicator ; 1. (일의 현황·사정 변화 등을 나타내는) 지표 [본문으로]
- underlie ; [타동사][VN] (under·lying, under·lay[-ˈleɪ], under·lain[-ˈleɪn]) [수동태로는 안 씀] (격식) (…의) 기저를 이루다[기저가 되다] ; 참조 underlying ;; [VERB] If something underlies a feeling or situation, it is the cause or basis of it. [본문으로]
- lawsuit ; 소송, 고소(action, suit). ;; [NOUN] A lawsuit is a case in a court of law which concerns a dispute between two people or organizations. [본문으로]
- resurrect ; 1. [타동사] (사상·관례 등을) 부활시키다 ; 유의어 revive [본문으로]
- embark on[upon] ; ~에 착수하다 ;; to start to do something new, important or difficult [본문으로]
- stumble on[across, upon] sth/sb ; 우연히 발견하다 ;; to find somebody/something unexpectedly or by chance [본문으로]
- musty ; [형용사] 퀴퀴한 냄새가 나는 ; 유의어 dank ;; [ADJ] Something that is musty smells old and damp. [본문으로]
- catalogue (美 또한 catalog) ; 1. [타동사] 목록을 만들다 ;; 2. [타동사] (특정한 사람사건 등에 관련된) 일련의 것들을 보여 주다 ;; [VERB] To catalogue things means to make a list of them. [본문으로]
- matrices ; matrix의 복수 ;; (pl. matri·ces[ˈmeɪtrɪsiːz]) 1. (수학) (숫자·기호 등을 가로, 세로로 나열해 놓은) 행렬[매트릭스] ;; 2. (격식) (사회·개인이 성장, 발달하는) 모체[기반] ;; 3. (격식 또는 문예체) (체계적으로 그물처럼 엮여져 있는 도로 등의) 망(網) ; 유의어 network ;; 5. (컴퓨터) 매트릭스, 행렬 ; 참조 dot matrix printer [본문으로]
- reverse-engineer ; [타동사] 역설계(逆設計)하다; 분해하여 모방하다 [본문으로]
- tenacity ; 1. 고집 ;; 2. 끈기; 강인함; 완강, 불굴, 집요 ;; [NOUN] If you have tenacity, you are very determined and do not give up easily. [본문으로]
- somewhat ; [부사] 어느 정도, 약간, 다소 ; 유의어 rather [본문으로]
- celebrate ; 2. 세상에 알리다, 공표하다 ;; 3. <승리·용사·공훈 등을> 찬양하다, 찬미하다(extol) [본문으로]
- ask around ; (사람들에게) 이리저리 알아보다 ;; to ask a number of different people in order to find out something [본문으로]
- narrow sth down (to sth) ;; …으로 좁히다. [본문으로]
- discipline ; 4. [C] 지식 분야; (특히 대학의) 학과목 [본문으로]
- take together ; 하나로 합쳐서 생각하다, 종합하다 [본문으로]
- empiricism ; [U] (철학) 경험[실증]주의, 경험론 ;; [NOUN] Empiricism is the belief that people should rely on practical experience and experiments, rather than on theories as, a basis for knowledge. [본문으로]
- serious-minded ; [형용사] 신중한, 진지한 (태도의), 생각이 깊은 [본문으로]
- wonkery ; [Noun] The quality or activities associated with being a wonk ;; wonk ; (특히 美, 비격식, 못마땅함) 1. 일만 아는 사람, 일[공부] 벌레 ;; 2. (정책에 대해) 좀스러울 정도로 꼼꼼한 사람, 꼼꼼쟁이 ;; [NOUN] a person who is obsessively interested in a specified subject [본문으로]
- acumen ; [U] (일에 대한) 감각 ;; 미국∙영국 [ˈækjəmən; əˈkjuːmən] [본문으로]
- scoop (sth) up[in] ; 퍼[떠] 올리다 ;; to move or lift somebody/something using a quick continuous movement ;; to win or get something easily, especially a large sum of money or a prize [본문으로]
- assemble ; 1. …을 모으다, 집합시키다; …을 소집하다. ; 유의어 GATHER ;; 2. 〔물건〕을 (모아) 정리하다; 〔기계 따위〕를 조립하다. ; 유의어 MAKE [본문으로]
- analytic(al) approach ;; 분석적[귀납적] 어프로치. [본문으로]
- bear on[upon] ; ~와 관련되다 ; 유의어 affect ;; …에 관계가 있다. ;; [VERB] to be relevant to; relate to to be connected with somebody/something; to have an effect on somebody/something [본문으로]
- long-standing ; [형용사] (주로 명사 앞에 씀) 오래된 ;; [ADJ] A long-standing situation has existed for a long time. [본문으로]
- back then ; 그 당시에 [본문으로]
- profession ; 2. [sing.+ sing. / pl. v.] the profession (특정 직종) 종사자들, -계(界) ;; [NOUN] [also by N] A profession is a type of job that requires advanced education or training. [본문으로]
- maestro ; 1. 대음악가, 대작곡가, 명지휘자 ;; 2. (예술의) 거장(巨匠)(master) ;; 미국식 [-stroʊ] 영국식 [ˈmaɪstrəʊ] [본문으로]
- in those days ; 그 때[당시]는 [본문으로]
- empirical ; [형용사] (주로 명사 앞에 씀) 경험[실험]에 의거한, 실증적인 ; 반의어 theoretical [본문으로]
- prestige ; 1. (업적·지위 등에 의한) 명성, 신망(fame) ; 위세, 위신, 감화력(influence). ;; 2. 저명(distinction), 인기, 영광.;; 미국∙영국 [preˈstiːʒ] [본문으로]
- analyses ; analysis 의 복수 ;; [-siːz] [본문으로]
- proclaim ; 2. 분명히 나타내다, 증명하다(indicate) [본문으로]
- seemingly ; [종종 문장 전체를 수 식하여] 겉보기에는, 겉보기로 판단하면, 외양은. ;; [ADV] [ADV adj/adv] If something is seemingly the case, you mean that it appears to be the case, even though it may not really be so. [본문으로]
- finding ; 1. [주로 복수로] (조사·연구 등의) 결과[결론] ;; [NOUN] [usu pl, usu with supp] Someone's findings are the information they get or the conclusions they come to as the result of an investigation or some research. [본문으로]
- tweak ; 2. [타동사] (기계시스템 등을 약간) 수정[변경]하다 [본문으로]
- empiricism ; [U] (철학) 경험[실증]주의, 경험론 ;; [NOUN] Empiricism is the belief that people should rely on practical experience and experiments, rather than on theories as, a basis for knowledge. ;; 미국∙영국 [ɪmˈpɪrɪsɪzəm] [본문으로]
- cohort ; 1. (전문 용어) (통계적으로 동일한 특색이나 행동 양식을 공유하는) 집단 ;; 미국식 [ˈkoʊhɔːrt] 영국식 [ˈkəʊhɔːt] [본문으로]
- randomized trial ; (의학) 무작위시험 ; 참조 trial [본문으로]
- revolutionize ; [타동사][VN] 대변혁[혁신]을 일으키다 ;; [VERB] When something revolutionizes an activity, it causes great changes in the way that it is done. [본문으로]
- showcase ; [타동사] 1. 전시[진열]하다 ;; 2. <신인·신제품 등을> 소개하다 ;; [VERB] If something is showcased, it is displayed or presented to its best advantage. [본문으로]
- quasi- ; [복합형] [형용사·명사에서] 1. <‘유사[사이비] …’의 뜻> ;; 2. <‘준(準)–’의 뜻> ;; [COMB in ADJ] Quasi- is used to form adjectives and nouns that describe something as being in many ways like something else, without actually being that thing. [본문으로]
- experimental technique ; 실험 기법, 실험 기술 [본문으로]
- competition for ; …을 얻기 위한 경쟁. [본문으로]
- pupil ; 1. (특히 英, 구식이 되어감) (특히 어린) 학생 ;; 2. (미술·음악 등의 전문가에게서 배우는) 문하생[제자] [본문으로]
- gauge ; [타동사] 측정하다, 재다; 표준 치수에 맞추다; 평가[판단]하다 [본문으로]
- untie ; [타동사][VN] (매듭 등을) 풀다 [본문으로]
- knot ; 7. 난관, 난국, 난제(cf. GORDIAN KNOT); 엉킨 문제 [본문으로]
- densely ; 조밀하게, 빽빽하게 ; 빈틈없이, 짙게(thickly, closely) ; 무성하여. [본문으로]
- reticulate ; 1. 그물모양이 되게 하다, 그물코로 덮다(cover with network) ; 그물모양으로 배열하다. ;; 2. 넓은 범위에 고루 퍼지게 하다. ;; [VERB] [(rɪ'tɪkjʊˌleɪt)] to form or be formed into a net [본문으로]
- school district ; 학구(學區), 학군 [본문으로]
- presumably ; 생각[추측]하건대, 아마도(probably) [본문으로]
- if anything ; (의견을 나타내어) 어느 편인가 하면; 오히려(부정문 뒤에서 그 반대가 사실임을 나타냄) ;; used to express an opinion about something, or after a negative statement to suggest that the opposite is true [본문으로]
- gain[secure] an answer ; 답을 얻다 [본문으로]
- shortage ; [C, U] 부족 [본문으로]
- in pursuit of ; 2. [목적의 달성 따위]를 추구하여 [본문으로]
- roam ; (목적·방향 없이) (정처없이) 걸어다니다, 돌아다니다, 거닐다, 떠돌다, 배회하다(wander, ramble, rove)(about, over, in). ;; [VERB] If you roam an area or roam around it, you wander or travel around it without having a particular purpose. [본문으로]
- unconventional ; (흔히 호감) 인습[관습]에 얽매이지 않는; 색다른, 독특한 ; 유의어 unorthodox ; 반의어 conventional [본문으로]
- quirky ; [형용사] 꾀바른, 변덕스러운 ;; [ADJ] Something or someone that is quirky is rather odd or unpredictable in their appearance, character, or behaviour. [본문으로]
- phalanx ; [명사] (격식) (사람·사물이) 밀집해 있는 집단 ;; 미국∙영국 [ˈfælæŋks] [본문으로]
- imitator ; 흉내 내는 사람, 모방자 ; 모조자, 위조자. ;; [NOUN] An imitator is someone who copies what someone else does, or copies the way they speak or behave. [본문으로]
- excel in ; ~에서 뛰어나다 [본문으로]
- empirical ; [형용사] (주로 명사 앞에 씀) 경험[실험]에 의거한, 실증적인 ; 반의어 theoretical [본문으로]
- institutionalize ; 1. …을 제도화하다, 규정하다. ;; 2. …을 공공 단체[협회 등]로 하다[로서 취급하다]. ;; 3. (구어) …을 병원[양로원, 시설]에 수용하다. [본문으로]
- pioneer ; [명사] ~ (in/of sth) (특정 지식문화 부문의) 개척자[선구자] ; 유의어 trailblazer ;; 2. (거친 땅을 일구는) 개척자 ;; [NOUN] [oft N of/in n, N n] Someone who is referred to as a pioneer in a particular area of activity is one of the first people to be involved in it and develop it. [본문으로]
- double dipping ; [명사] 연금(年金)과 급료의 이중 수령: 퇴역 군인·퇴직 공무원이 연금을 받으면서 다른 정부 관계의 일에 종사하여 그곳에서도 급료를 받는 일. [본문으로]
- delight in sth/sb ; (수동태로는 안 씀) (특히 다른 사람들이 불편해 하는 어떤 일을 하기를) 대단히 즐기다 ;; to get a lot of pleasure from something or from doing something, especially something that annoys or upsets other people [본문으로]
- virtuosity ; [U] 1. (예술가, 특히 음악가의) 묘기(妙技), 탁월한 기량, 명인 연기; (예술 작품에 나타난) 기묘 ;; 2. 미술 취미[애호], 골동 취미, 골동품을 보는 안식 ;; 3. [집합적] 미술 애호[감식]가 ;; [NOUN] The virtuosity of someone such as an artist or sports player is their great skill. [본문으로]
- exemplify ; 1. [타동사] 전형적인 예가 되다 ;; 2. [타동사] 예를 들다 ; 유의어 illustrate ;; [VERB] If a person or thing exemplifies something such as a situation, quality, or class of things, they are a typical example of it. [본문으로]
- amount to ; 1. (합계가) …에 이르다[달하다] ;; 2. …와 마찬가지이다[…에 해당하다] ;; 1.to add up to something; to result in a final total of something ;; 2.to be equal to or the same as something [본문으로]
- credibility ; [U] 믿을 수 있음, 진실성; 신용, 신빙성 ;; [NOUN] If someone or something has credibility, people believe in them and trust them. [본문으로]
- econometrics ; [명사] (경제) pl. [단수 취급] 계량(計量)[통계] 경제학, 경제 측정학 ;; [NOUN] the application of mathematical and statistical techniques to economic problems and theories ;; 미국식 [ikɑ̀nəmétriks] 영국식 [ikɔ́n-] [본문으로]
- mode ; 1. 방법, 양식, 형식, 형태, 방식, 식 ;; 2. (일·문제 처리 등에 관한) 특정 상태 ;; [NOUN] [usu N of n] A mode of life or behaviour is a particular way of living or behaving. [본문으로]
- digitization ; [U] 디지털화 [본문으로]
- body ; 6. [C] ~ of sth 많은 양[모음] [본문으로]
- lap ; 4. 지배, 보호, 관리, 책임 [본문으로]
- A be followed by B ;; A 뒤에 B가 오다, A 뒤에 B가 있다, A 다음에 B가 오다, A 다음에 B가 있다 [본문으로]
- backlash ; [sing.] ~ (against sth) | ~ (from sb) (사회 변화 등에 대한 대중의) 반발 ;; [NOUN] A backlash against a tendency or recent development in society or politics, is a sudden, strong reaction against it. [본문으로]
- lodge ; 1. [타동사][VN] ~ (sth) (with sb) (against sb/sth) (공공 기관당국에 이의 등을) 제기[제출]하다 ; 유의어 register, submit [본문으로]
- objection ; (pl. objections[-z]) 1. [U, C] (…에 대한) 반대, 항의, 이의, 불복, 거부; 혐오, 싫어함[to, against]. ;; 2. (…의) 흠, 결점, 난점[to]; (…에 대한) 반대의 이유[to, against]. [본문으로]
- neglect ; [U] ~ (of sth/sb) 방치; 소홀 ;; 사전과는 다르게 가산명사로 활용한 것을 확인 [본문으로]
- distinguish ; 3. [타동사][VN] [진행형으로는 쓰이지 않음] (보거나 듣고) 식별하다, 알아듣다[보다] ; 유의어 differentiate, make out [본문으로]
- mechanism ; 2. (목적을 달성하기 위한) 방법, 메커니즘 [본문으로]
- cast[throw] doubt on ;; …을 의심하다, 의구심을 던지다, 의문을 제기하다 [본문으로]
- groove ; 2. 상례, 관례, 상습, 습관 ;; 3. (자신의 재능·흥미 등에) 가장 적합한 직업, 적소(niche) ;; 4. 최고조(top form); [속어] 멋진 일[것]; 즐거움, 기쁨 [본문으로]
- trivialize ; [타동사][VN] (보통 못마땅함) 하찮아 보이게 만들다 ;; [VERB] If you say that someone trivializes something important, you disapprove of them because they make it seem less important, serious, and complex than it is. [본문으로]
- at the expense of sb/sth ; ~을 잃어 가며[훼손시키면서] ...의 비용으로 / ...의 희생으로 ;; causing damage or loss to somebody/something else [본문으로]
- foundational ; [형용사] 기본의, 기초적인 [본문으로]
- laureate ;[형용사, 명사] (명예의 표시인) 월계(月桂)관을 쓴(사람); 명예를[영관을] 받은(사람) ;; 미국식 [ˈlɔːr-] 영국식 [ˈlɒriət] [본문으로]
- lamp post ; [명사] (특히 英) 가로등 기둥 ; 참조 street light ;; [NOUN] a post supporting a lamp, esp in a street [본문으로]
- allegiance ; [U, C] ~ (to sb/sth) (정당·종교·통치자 등에 대한) 충성 ;; [NOUN] Your allegiance is your support for and loyalty to a particular group, person, or belief. [본문으로]
- under investigation ; 조사중(의) [본문으로]
- oblique ; . (표현이) 완곡한[에두르는/간접적인] ; 유의어 indirect ;; 미국∙영국 [əˈbliːk] [본문으로]
- hit-and-run ; [명사 앞에만 씀] 1. (교통사고가) 뺑소니의 ;; 2. (군사 공격이) 기습적인 ;; [ADJ] [ADJ n] A hit-and-run accident is an accident in which the driver of a vehicle hits someone and then drives away without stopping. [본문으로]
- one-off ; (美 ˈone-shot) [명사 앞에만 씀] (英) 단 한 번의 ;; [명사, 형용사] (英) 한 번뿐인 (것), 한 개뿐인(것), 한 사람만의 (것) ;; [NOUN] You can refer to something as a one-off when it is made or happens only once. ;; [ADJ] A one-off thing is made or happens only once. [본문으로]
- deliver ; 2. [타동사][VN] (연설·강연 등을) 하다; (판결 등을) 내리다 ;; 3. ~ (on sth) (약속을) 지키다; (사람들의 기대대로 결과를) 내놓다[산출하다] [본문으로]
- false positive ; In medical testing, and more generally in binary classification, a false positive is an error in data reporting in which a test result improperly indicates presence of a condition, such as a disease (the result is positive), when in reality it is not present, while a false negative is an error in which a test result improperly indicates no presence of a condition (the result is negative), when in reality it is present. These are the two kinds of errors in a binary test (and are contrasted with a correct result, either a true positive or a true negative.) They are also known in medicine as a false positive (respectively negative) diagnosis, and in statistical classification as a false positive (respectively negative) error. A false positive is distinct from overdiagnosis, and is also different from overtesting. [본문으로]
- delve ; 1. (문제·정보 따위를/사실 따위를 찾으려) 파고들다, 철저히 조사하다, 깊이 탐구하다 《into, among/ for》 ;; 2. (서랍 따위를) 샅샅이 뒤지다. ;; 3. [시·고어] 파다[for]. [본문으로]
- cohort ; [C+sing. / pl. v.] 1. (전문 용어) (통계적으로 동일한 특색이나 행동 양식을 공유하는) 집단 ;; 2. (못마땅함) (어떤 사람의) 지지자 ;; [NOUN] A person's cohorts are their friends, supporters, or associates.;; 미국식 [ˈkoʊhɔːrt] 영국식 [ˈkəʊhɔːt] [본문으로]
- virtuosity ; [U] 1. (예술가, 특히 음악가의) 묘기(妙技), 탁월한 기량, 명인 연기; (예술 작품에 나타난) 기묘 ;; 2. 미술 취미[애호], 골동 취미, 골동품을 보는 안식 ;; 3. [집합적] 미술 애호[감식]가 ;; [NOUN] The virtuosity of someone such as an artist or sports player is their great skill. [본문으로]
- neat trick ; 좋은 방법. 묘수 [본문으로]
- enliven ; [타동사][VN] (격식) 더 재미있게[생동감 있게] 만들다 ;; [VERB] To enliven events, situations, or people means to make them more lively or cheerful. ;; 미국∙영국 [ɪnˈlaɪvn] [본문으로]
- credibility ; [U] 신뢰성 ; 참조 street cred ;; [NOUN] If someone or something has credibility, people believe in them and trust them. [본문으로]
- coauthor ; 공저자(共著者), 공동 집필자 ;; [NOUN] a person who shares the writing of a book, article, etc, with another [본문으로]
- pupil ; 1. (특히 英, 구식이 되어감) (특히 어린) 학생 ;; 2. (미술·음악 등의 전문가에게서 배우는) 문하생[제자] ;; [NOUN] The pupils of a school are the children who go to it. [본문으로]
- public school ;[C,U] 1. (영국, 특히 잉글랜드의) 퍼블릭 스쿨[사립학교](학생들은 연령이 13~18세 사이이고 흔히 기숙사 생활을 한다.) ; 참조 preparatory school, private school ;; 2. ˈpublic school (미국, 오스트레일리아, 스코틀랜드 및 다른 국가들에서) 공립학교 ; 참조 state school ;; [NOUN] In Britain, a public school is a private school that provides secondary education which parents have to pay for. The pupils often live at the school during the school term. [본문으로]
- miss out ; 좋은 기회를 놓치다, 실패하다 [본문으로]
- top-tier ; 일류의 [본문으로]
- contrivance ; 1. 고안, 안출(案出)(contriving, planning) ; 고안[연구]하는 재간(inventive capacity). ;; 2. 고안물[품], 새로운 고안, 취향(趣向), 발명(invention) ; 장치(mechanical device or appliance). ;; 3. 계획, 계략, 모략(artful scheme, artifice). ;; 미국∙영국 [kənˈtraɪvəns] [본문으로]
- stiffen resistance ; 반항을 강화하다. [본문으로]
- resolve ; [U] ~ (to do sth) (격식) (단호한) 결심[결의/의지] ; 유의어 resolution ;; [NOUN] Resolve is determination to do what you have decided to do. [본문으로]
- exploit ; 1. [타동사] (못마땅함) (부당하게) 이용하다 ;; 3. [타동사] (최대한 잘) 활용하다 [본문으로]
- institutional ; 1. 제도상의, 제도적인; [경제] 기관(투자)의 ;; 2. (공공)시설의, (공공) 기관[단체]의, 회(會)의 ;; 3. 규격화된, 획일적인 ;; [ADJ] [ADJ n] Institutional means relating to a large organization, for example a university, bank, or church. [본문으로]
- kink ; 4. (제도·계획·기계 따위의) 결함, 결점, 불비(不備)(flaw). ;; [NOUN] A kink is a curve or twist in something which is otherwise or normally straight. [본문으로]
- patent ; [C, U] 특허권[증] ;; [NOUN] A patent is an official right to be the only person or company allowed to make or sell a new product for a certain period of time. [본문으로]
- examiner ; 시험관; 검사관, 국세 심사관, 조사관, 심사원; [법] 증인 심문관 ;; [NOUN] An examiner is a person who sets or marks an examination. [본문으로]
- patent ; [타동사][VN] 특허를 받다 ;; [VERB] If you patent something, you obtain a patent for it. [본문으로]
- lenient ; [형용사] (처벌·규칙 적용이) 관대한 ;; [ADJ] When someone in authority is lenient, they are not as strict or severe as expected. [본문으로]
- inhibit ; 1. 금하다, 금지하다(forbid, prohibit). ;; 2. 막다, 하지 못하게 하다, 제지하다(hinder, check). ;; [VERB] If something inhibits an event or process, it prevents it or slows it down [본문으로]
- follow-on ; 1. 후속의, 다음에 계속되는 [본문으로]
- patent holder ; (경영) 특허사용자 ;; [Noun] The holder of a patent. [본문으로]
- doggedness ; [명사] 유의어 tenacity ;; 1. 고집 ;; 2. 끈기; 강인함; 완강, 불굴, 집요 [본문으로]
- unearth ; 1. [타동사] (땅속에서) 파내다, 발굴하다 ; 유의어 dig up ;; 2. [타동사] 찾다, 밝혀내다 ; 유의어 dig up ;; [VERB] If someone unearths facts or evidence about something bad, they discover them with difficulty, usually because they were being kept secret or were being lied about. [본문으로]
- refine ; 1. 불순물을 제거하다, 정제하다 ; 순화하다(purify) ; 맑게 하다(clarify). ;; 2. 품위 있게[우아하게] 하다, 세련하다(make elegant) ; 풍치 있게 하다, 때를 벗기다(polish). ;; [VERB] [usu passive] When a substance is refined, it is made pure by having all other substances removed from it. [본문으로]
- economic consequences ; 경제적 결과 · 의의 ;; [보충설명] 회계기준이나 방침의 선택, 변경 등에 의해 생기는 경제적인 결과. [본문으로]
- purge ; 2. 〔불순물·더러움 따위〕를 (…에서) 제거하다, 일소하다(away, off, out)[from]. ;; 3. 〔정당 따위〕에서 (불순분자 등을) 숙청하다[of]; 〔반대파 등〕을 (…에서) 추방하다, 숙청하다[from]. [본문으로]
- to[for] this[that, what] end ;; 이것[그것, 무엇]을 위하여, 이것[그것, 무엇] 때문에 ;; [Prepositional phrase] To achieve the previously specified goal. [본문으로]
- musty ; 곰팡내 나는(moldy); 곰팡이가 슨; (비유)케케묵은, 진부한(stale), 시대에 뒤떨어진; 무기력한 ;; fusty, antiquated, dull, spiritless [본문으로]
- gain from ; …로부터 얻다. [본문으로]
- interaction with ; …와의 상호 작용. [본문으로]
- painstakingly ; [부사] 힘들여 ; 공들여. [본문으로]
- roster ; 2. 명부(list of names) ; 등록선수 명부 ; 등록부(register). ;; [NOUN] A roster is a list which gives details of the order in which different people have to do a particular job. ;; 미국식 [ˈrɑːs-] 영국식 [ˈrɒstə(r)] [본문으로]
- co-inventor ; [명사] 공동 발명자 [본문으로]
- propinquity ; [명사] (격식) (장소·시간상으로) 가까움[근접] ; 유의어 proximity ;; 미국∙영국 [prəˈpɪŋkwəti] [본문으로]
- propitious ; [형용사] ~ (for sth/sb) (격식) (일을 하기에) 좋은[유리한] ;; [ADJ] If something is propitious, it is likely to lead to success. ;; 미국∙영국 [prəˈpɪʃəs] [본문으로]
- join forces with ; …와 협력하다, ...와 힘을 합치다. …과 콤비로 하다 [본문으로]
- alumni ; [pl.] (특히 美) 졸업생들 ;; ALUMNUS의 복수형 ;; 미국∙영국 [əˈlʌmnaɪ] [본문으로]
- cross generational ; 여러 세대를 아우르는, 여러 세대를 한꺼번에 포함하는 [본문으로]
- census bureau ; [명사] 인구 조사국 [본문으로]
- -somethings ; [COMB in ADJ] -something is combined with numbers such as twenty and thirty to form adjectives which indicate an approximate amount, especially someone's age. For example, if you say that someone is thirty-something, you mean they are between thirty and forty years old. [본문으로]
- link with ; …와 관련시키다. [본문으로]
- offspring ; (pl. ~, ~s) 1. (사람·동물의) 자식, 새끼; 자손 ;; 2. 생겨난 것, 소산, 결과 ((of)) ;; [NOUN] You can refer to a person's children or to an animal's young as their offspring. [본문으로]
- transmission ; (격식) 1. [U] 전염, 전파, 전달 ; 유의어 transfer ;; [NOUN] [usu with supp, n N, N of n] The transmission of something is the passing or sending of it to a different person or place. [본문으로]
- dogged ; [형용사] (주로 명사 앞에 씀) (호감) 완강한, 끈덕진 ; 유의어 tenacious [본문으로]
- snuffle ; 2. [자동사][V] ~ (about/around) (동물이, 특히 냄새를 맡으며) 코를 킁킁거리다 [본문으로]
- frolicsome ; (특히 문예체) 즐겁게 뛰노는 ;; 까불거리며 뛰노는; 흥겨운, 쾌활한 (gay, merry) ;; 장난치는, (희롱하며) 뛰노는, 들뜬 기분의(sportive, full of gaiety). [본문으로]
- manifestation ; 1. 명시, 표명, 발로(display, indication) ; 현시(顯示) (revelation). ;; [NOUN] A manifestation of something is one of the different ways in which it can appear. [본문으로]
- empiricist ; 경험주의자; [철학] 경험론자(empiric) [본문으로]
- millennial ; 1. 천년(간)의 ; 천년기[지복천년]의 ;; . 2. 지복천년기에 알맞는, 지복천년을 생각나게 하는. [본문으로]
- earnestness ; [명사] 진지함, 열심, 진심. [본문으로]
- in line with ; ~와 비슷한; ~와 긴밀히 연결되도록 ;; ...와 함께, ...에 따라.;; ~의 방침에 의거 ;; be in agreement with sth [본문으로]
- long-standing ; [주로 명사 앞에 씀] 오래된, 오래도록 계속되고 있는, 여러 해에 걸친. ;; [ADJ] A long-standing situation has existed for a long time. [본문으로]
- economic concerns ; 경제적인 관심, 우려, 근심 [본문으로]
- grave ; [형용사] (grav·er; grav·est) 1. <책임·문제·결과 등이> 중대한, 중요한, 위험이 따르고 있는, 심각한, 심상치 않은 ;; [ADJ] A grave event or situation is very serious, important, and worrying [본문으로]
- rigorous ; 2. 엄밀한, 정밀한; 정확한. ;; 4. (논리·수학) 이론적으로 정당한, 근거 있는 ;; [ADJ] [usu ADJ n] A test, system, or procedure that is rigorous is very thorough and strict. ;; 미국∙영국 [ˈrɪɡərəs] [본문으로]
- technological progress ; (경제) 기술진보(技術進步) [본문으로]
- commentator ; (~ (on sth)) 1. (신문·방송의) 해설자 ;; 2. (라디오·텔레비전의) 실황 방송 아나운서 ;; [NOUN] [usu with supp] A commentator is a broadcaster who gives a radio or television commentary on an event. [본문으로]
- assert ; 1. 단언하다, 역설하다, 강력히 주장하다 ; 유의어 declare ;; 2. <권리 등을> 주장[옹호]하다(defend) ;; [VERB] If someone asserts a fact or belief, they state it firmly. [본문으로]
- lingering ; [형용사] 질질 끄는, 망설이는; 오래 가는, 좀체 사라지지 않는. [본문으로]
- consequence ; 1. [C] ~ (for sb/sth) (발생한 일의) 결과 ;; [NOUN] The consequences of something are the results or effects of it. [본문으로]
- colonial exploitation ; 식민지 수탈, 착취 [본문으로]
- visible ; 2. 쉽게 알아볼 수 있는, 분명한, 명백한(manifest, obvious). [본문으로]
- stunted ; 발육[발단]이 그친, 위축한, 왜소한. [본문으로]
- schoolchild ; [명사] pl. school·chil·dren[-tʃɪldrən] (어린) 학생, 학동 [본문으로]
- cute ; 3. 멋진, 근사한, 최고의 [본문으로]
- canon ; 3. (특정 작가의) 정본 목록; 주요 문헌[작품] 목록 [본문으로]
- public opinion ; [U] 여론 ;; [NOUN] Public opinion is the opinion or attitude of the public regarding a particular matter. [본문으로]
- scare sb/sth off[away ; 겁을 주어 ~를 쫓아 버리다 ;; to make somebody/something leave or stay away by frightening them [본문으로]
- drive innovation ; 혁신을 주도하다 [본문으로]
- observe ; 5. …에 대한 관찰을 내리다 ; (소견으로써) 말하다, 평하다. ;; remark [본문으로]
- aptitude ; [U, C] ~ (for sth) | ~ (for doing sth) 소질, 적성 ; 유의어 talent ;; [NOUN] Someone's aptitude for a particular kind of work or activity is their ability to learn it quickly and to do it well. [본문으로]
- limit its scope to sth ; 그 범위를 ...에 한정하다. [본문으로]
- in the face of ; 1. (문제·어려움 같은) ~에도 불구하고[~에 직면하여] ;; 2. (~ 라는 결과) 앞에서 ;; even though something, usually a danger, problem or unpleasant situation, etc. exists [본문으로]
- omission ; 1. [U] ~ (from sth) 생략; 빠짐, 누락 ;; [NOUN] An omission is something that has not been included or has not been done, either deliberately or accidentally. ;; 미국∙영국 [əˈmɪʃn] [본문으로]
- incentive to work ; 일할 동기 [본문으로]
- underreport ; [타동사] <소득·수입 등을> 적게 신고하다; 불충분하게 보도하다 [본문으로]
- bargain for ; 1. 상담하다, 흥정하다 ;; 2. (《부정어·more than과 함께》) …을 기대하다, 믿다 ;; to expect or be prepared to do something; to expect something to happen or somebody to do something [본문으로]
- at the expense of ; ~을 잃어 가며[훼손시키면서] ;; ...의 비용으로 / ...의 희생으로 ;; causing damage or loss to somebody/something else [본문으로]
- predominate ; 1. [자동사] (수적·양적으로) 지배적이다[두드러지다] ;; 2. [자동사] ~ (over sb/sth) (영향력·중요도 면에서) 우위를 차지하다[지배/우세하다] ;; [VERB] If one type of person or thing predominates in a group, there is more of that type of person or thing in the group than of any other. [본문으로]
- rip ; 2. 떼내다, 벗기다(off, out, away)[from, off]. [본문으로]
- social mobility ; (사회) 사회적 유동[이동]성 ((주소·직업 계층 등의 이동)) [본문으로]
- topical ; 1. 화제의, 논제의, 주제[제목]에 관한 ;; 2. <형식 등이> 원칙적인, 총론적인 ;; 3. 시사 문제의, 시국적인 [본문으로]
- odds ; [pl.] 1. 보통 the odds (어떤 일이 있을) 공산[가능성] ;; [NOUN] [usu the N] You refer to how likely something is to happen as the odds that it will happen. [본문으로]
- incarceration ; [U] 1. 투옥, 감금, 유폐; (강제) 수용. [본문으로]
- be confined to ; 1.if a person or an animal is confined to a place, they are kept in a small or closed space and not allowed to go out ;; 2.if a person is confined to bed, etc., they have to stay in bed, etc. because they are ill/sick or injured [본문으로]
- upward mobility ; (사회) 상향적 사회 이동; 경제적[사회적] 상승 경향[능력]; 상향 지향(미국의 청년문화). ;; [NOUN] the movement of an individual, social group, or class to a position of increased status or power Compare downward mobility, See also horizontal mobility, vertical mobility [본문으로]
- locality ; (pl. -ies) (격식) 1. (현재 얘기되고 있거나 위치해 있는 장소의) 인근 유의어 vicinity ;; 2. (…가 존재하는) 곳 ;; [NOUN] A locality is a small area of a country or city. [본문으로]
- swathe ; [ S ] literary a large part of something that includes several different things: [본문으로]
- in short ; 요컨대, 요약하면 [본문으로]
- puzzle ; 2. [a ~] 곤혹, 혼란 ;; 3. 괴롭히는 사람[물건], ((특히)) 어려운 문제(puzzler) [본문으로]
- driven ; 2. -driven [합성어에서] …주도의[중심의] ; 참조 drive, drove, driven v. [본문으로]
- -first ; [COMB in ADV] -first combines with nouns like `head' and `feet' to indicate that someone moves with the part that is mentioned pointing in the direction in which they are moving. [본문으로]
- oversubscribed ; [형용사] (공급 가능한 자리·티켓 등보다) 지원[신청]자 수가 더 많은 ;; [ADJ] If something such as an event or a service is oversubscribed, too many people apply to attend the event or use the service. [본문으로]
- in the know ; (비격식) (무엇에 대해 대부분의 사람들보다 더) 잘 알고 있는 [본문으로]
- favourite ; [명사] 1. (동일한 종류의 다른 사람[것]들보다) 좋아하는 사람[것] [본문으로]
- formulae ; (pl. for·mu·las 또는, 특히 과학에서는 for·mu·lae[-liː]) 3. [C] ~ (for sth/for doing sth) (특정한 일을 이루기 위한) 공식[방식] ;; [NOUN] [usu with supp] A formula is a plan that is invented in order to deal with a particular problem. [본문으로]
- catch on ; 1.to understand something; to realize the truth of something ;; 2.to become popular or fashionable [본문으로]
- tractable ; [형용사] (격식) 다루기 쉬운 ; 유의어 manageable ; 반의어 intractable ;; [ADJ] If you say that a person, problem, or device is tractable, you mean that they can be easily controlled or dealt with. [본문으로]
- stick with ; 1. ~의 곁에 머물다 ;; 2. ~을 계속하다 [본문으로]
- crop ; 3. [sing.] a ~ of sth (동시에 같은 일을 하는 사람들의) 무리[집단]; (동시에 일어나는) 많은 일들 [본문으로]
- rule of thumb ; 경험에 바탕을 둔 방법; 과학적인 방법보다 오히려 경험적인 방법에서 도출된 일반적인 수단이나 방침(재빨리 대략적인 셈을 하기 위해, 사람의 엄지를 사용한다는 사실에서) [본문으로]
- striking ; 1. 눈에 띄는, 두드러진, 현저한 ; 유의어 marked ;; 2. 굉장히 매력적인, 빼어난 ; 유의어 stunning ;; [ADJ] Something that is striking is very noticeable or unusual. [본문으로]
- eminently ; [부사] (긍정적인 특질을 강조하여) (격식) 대단히, 탁월하게 ;; [ADV] You use eminently in front of an adjective describing a positive quality in order to emphasize the quality expressed by that adjective. [본문으로]
- publishable ; [형용사] 발행할 수 있는 , 출판할 수 있는 ; 공표할 수 있는. [본문으로]
- take something with a pinch of salt[a grain of salt] ;; (모두가 사실은 아닐 수도 있으므로) ~을 에누리해서 듣다 ;; 줄잡다; 반신반의하다; 이야기나 설명을 상당히 의심하면서 듣다 [본문으로]
- weight (sth) out ; (무게를 보며) ~ (만큼)을 달다[달아서 덜어내다] ;; to measure a quantity of something by weight [본문으로]
- per unit of ; 단위당 [본문으로]
- splashiness ; [명사] 튀김; 철벅 철벅 소리냄. [본문으로]
- calculation ; (pl. calculations[-z]) 1. [U]계산(하기), 산출; [C]계산 결과. ;; 2. [U, C] 어림, 예측, 예상. ;; 3. [U, C]장래에 대한 고려, 조심; 신중한 계획; [U]타산; 심사숙고. ;; [형용사] calculational [본문으로]
- negligible ; [형용사] (중요성·규모가 작아) 무시해도 될 정도의 ; 유의어 insignificant ;; [ADJ] An amount or effect that is negligible is so small that it is not worth considering or worrying about. ;; 미국∙영국 [ˈneɡlɪdʒəbl] [본문으로]
- scrutinize ; [타동사][VN] 세심히 살피다, 면밀히 조사[검토]하다 [본문으로]
- proxy ; 2. [C, U] ~ (for sb) 대리인 ;; 3. [C] ~ for sth (격식 또는 전문 용어) (측정·계산하려는 다른 것을 대표하도록 이용하는) 대용물 ;; 미국식 [ˈprɑːksi] 영국식 [ˈprɒksi] [본문으로]
- explanatory ; 설명하는, 해석의; (…의) 설명에 도움이 되는[of]; 해명[변명]의. ;; [ADJ] Explanatory statements or theories are intended to make people understand something by describing it or giving the reasons for it. [본문으로]
- under examination ; 조사[검사]중; 심리중 [본문으로]
- allow for ; ~을 감안하다[참작하다] ;; to include something when you are calculating something or planning something [본문으로]
- adequate ; [형용사] ~ (for sth) | ~ (to do sth) (특정한 목적이나 필요에) 충분한[적절한] ; 반의어 inadequate [본문으로]
- reassess ; [동사] 재평가하다 ; 유의어 reappraise [본문으로]
- reliability ; [명사] 신뢰할 수 있음, 믿음직함, 신뢰도, 확실성 [본문으로]
- econometrician ; [명사] 계량 경제학자. ;; econometric ; [명사] (경제) pl. [단수 취급] 계량(計量)[통계] 경제학, 경제 측정학 ;; [NOUN] the application of mathematical and statistical techniques to economic problems and theories ;; 미국식 [ikɑ̀nəmétriks] 영국식 [ikɔ́n-] [본문으로]
- batch ; 2. 한번치(의 분량) ; 한 묶음 ; 한 떼, 일조(一組), 일단. ;; [NOUN] A batch of things or people is a group of things or people of the same kind, especially a group that is dealt with at the same time or is sent to a particular place at the same time. [본문으로]
- pose a problem ; 문제를 일으키다, 문제를 제기하다 [본문으로]
- quasi- ; [형용사·명사에서] 1. <‘유사[사이비] …’의 뜻> ;; 2. <‘준(準)–’의 뜻> ;; [COMB in ADJ] Quasi- is used to form adjectives and nouns that describe something as being in many ways like something else, without actually being that thing. [본문으로]
- empirical method ; 경험적, 실험적 방법 [본문으로]
- microeconomics ; [명사] (경제) pl. [단수 취급] 미시(微視)[미크로] 경제학(opp. macroeconomics) [본문으로]
- plentiful ; [형용사] 풍부한 ; 유의어 abundant [본문으로]
- scope ; [U] 1. ~ (for sth) | ~ (for sb) (to do sth) (무엇을 하거나 이룰 수 있는) 기회[여지/능력] ; 유의어 potential ;; 2. (주제조직활동 등이 다루는) 범위 ;; [NOUN] [oft N for n, N to-inf] If there is scope for a particular kind of behaviour or activity, people have the opportunity to behave in this way or do that activity. [본문으로]
- experimentation ; [U] (격식) 실험 (활동·과정) [본문으로]
- April Fool's[Fools'] Day ; 만우절(All Fools’ Day) ((4월 1일; 속이는 것은 정오까지)) [본문으로]
- circulate ; 2. (풍설 등을) 퍼뜨리다, 유포하다(diffuse). ;; 3. (신문 등을) 배달하다, 배포하다 ; (편지·책을) 회람하다, 회람으로 돌리다. ;; [VERB] If a piece of writing circulates or is circulated, copies of it are passed round among a group of people. [본문으로]
- abstract ; 3. (책·연설·서류의) 적요서(摘要書), 개요, 초록(抄錄), 발췌, 강령. [본문으로]
- purportedly ; [부사] 소문에 의하면 , 알려진 대로라면. ;; [ADV] If you say that something has purportedly been done, you mean that you think that it has been done but you cannot be sure. [본문으로]
- cowrite ; (-wrote; -writ·ten; -writ·ing) …을 공동 집필하다, 공저하다. -wrít·er 명사 [본문으로]
- central banker ; [명사] 중앙 은행장[총재]. [본문으로]
- stint ; 1. 할당된 일[기간], 일정 기간의 노동 ;; [NOUN] A stint is a period of time which you spend doing a particular job or activity or working in a particular place. [본문으로]
- covert ; 1. 은밀한, 내밀의, 남몰래 하는(secret) ; 암암리에 풍기는(half-hidden, disguised) (opp. overt). ;; 2. 감춘, 사람 눈에 띄지 않는(hidden, sheltered). [본문으로]
- in reality ; 사실은[실제로는] ;; used to say that a situation is different from what has just been said or from what people believe [본문으로]
- responsive ; (~ (to sb/sth)) 1. [대개 명사 앞에는 안 씀] 즉각 반응[대응]하는 ;; 2. 관심[열의]을 보이는, 호응하는 ; 유의어 receptive ; 반의어 unresponsive ;; [ADJ] A responsive person is quick to react to people or events and to show emotions such as pleasure and affection. [본문으로]
- nonrandom ; [Adjective] Not at random, caused or manipulated, arranged. [본문으로]
- macroeconomist ; [명사] 거시[매크로] 경제학자. [본문으로]
- reinvent ; [타동사][VN] ~ sth/yourself (as sth) 다른 모습[이미지]을 보여주다 ;; 재발명[고안]하다; 다시 고치다; 개혁하다. ;; [VERB] To reinvent something means to change it so that it seems different and new. [본문으로]
- subdiscipline ; (어떤) 학문 분야의 하위 구분. [본문으로]
- in the wake of ; [부사] …의 뒤를 좇아, …에 뒤이어; …의 결과로서. ; 유의어 following, succeeding, in the aftermath of; as a result of. ;; coming after and resulting from somebody/something; behind somebody/something [본문으로]
- in the way that ; …라는 점에서 [본문으로]
- contain ; [VN][진행형으로는 쓰이지 않음] 1. [타동사] (무엇의 안에 또는 그 일부로) …이 들어[함유되어] 있다 [본문으로]
- the Bureau of Labor Statistics ; (미국) 노동통계국. [본문으로]
- unpack ; 2. [타동사][VN] (이해하기 쉽도록) 분석하다 ;; [VERB] When you unpack a suitcase, box, or similar container, or you unpack the things inside it, you take the things out of the container. [본문으로]
- entangle ; [타동사] 1. 얽히게 하다(make tangled) ; 얽히어 감기게 하다, 걸리게 하다(catch). ;; 2. 복잡하게 하다, 분규(紛糾)시키다(complicate). ;; 3. (덫 따위에) 걸리게 하다 ; (곤란 따위에) 빠뜨리다(entrap, ensnare) ; (귀찮은 일 따위에) 휩쓸려 들게 하다, 걸려들게 하다(involve). ;; [VERB] If one thing entangles itself with another, the two things become caught together very tightly. [본문으로]
- quarterly ; [형용사] 1. 연(年) 4회의, 3개월마다 한 번의, 계절마다의. ;; [ADJ] A quarterly event happens four times a year, at intervals of three months. [본문으로]
- finely ; 2. 잘게, 가늘게; 정교하게; 교묘하게; 미묘하게. [본문으로]
- shed[throw, cast] light on[upon] ;; …에 해결의 빛을 던지다; 새로운 정보를 주다; [일]을 보다 분명하게 하다, 해명[설명]하다 ;; (문제 등에 대해) 해결의 실마리를 던져 주다[이해를 돕는 사실을 보여주다] ;; [동사] …을 비추다; 밝히다, 해명하다. ; 유의어 clarify, clear up. [본문으로]
- monetary policy ; 통화[화폐] 정책 [본문으로]
- digest ; 2. [타동사][VN] (어떤 내용을) 소화하다[완전히 이해하다] [본문으로]
- nuance ; (pl. -anc·es[-iz]) (음·의미 따위의) 미묘한 차이, 함축성, 뉘앙스. ;; 미국식 [ˈnuː-] 영국식 [ˈnjuːɑːns] [본문으로]
- provocative ; 1. 화나게[성나게] 하는, 약올리는; 도발하는, 자극적인; (…을) 유발[자극]시키는[of]. ;; 3. 물의를 일으키는, 문제가 되는. ;; [ADJ] If you describe something as provocative, you mean that it is intended to make people react angrily or argue against it. [본문으로]
- a recovery from ; …에서의 회복. [본문으로]
- secular stagnation ; (경제활동의) 장기적 침체 [본문으로]
- posit ; [타동사] (격식) (주장·논의의 근거로 삼기 위해 무엇을) 사실로 상정하다[받아들이다] ; 유의어 postulate ;; [VERB] If you posit something, you suggest or assume it as the basis for an argument or calculation. ;; 미국식 [ˈpɑːz-] 영국식 [ˈpɒzɪt] [본문으로]
- upward trajectory ; 성장세, 상승 궤도, 상승하는 단계 [본문으로]
- thus ; (격식) 1. 이렇게 하여; 이와 같이 ;; 2. 따라서, 그러므로 ; 유의어 hence, therefore ;; [ADV] [ADV with cl/group] You use thus to show that what you are about to mention is the result or consequence of something else that you have just mentioned. [본문으로]
- catch up with ; [동사] 따라가다, 따라잡다; 체포하다. [본문으로]
- rising trend ; 오름세, 상승 가도, 상승 추세, 증가하는 추세 [본문으로]
- flatten ; [자동사] 4. 단조로워[무미건조하여]지다 ; 둔해지다, 무뎌지다. ;; [VERB] If you flatten something or if it flattens, it becomes flat or flatter. [본문으로]
- jobless recovery ; [명사] (경제) 고용이 증가하지 않는 경기 회복. ;; A jobless recovery or jobless growth is an economic phenomenon in which a macroeconomy experiences growth while maintaining or decreasing its level of employment. The term was coined by the economist Nick Perna in the early 1990s [본문으로]
- restore ; 1. [타동사] ~ sth (to sb) (이전의 상황·감정으로) 회복시키다 ;; 2. [타동사] ~ sb/sth to sth (건강·지위 등을) 되찾게[회복하게] 하다 [본문으로]
- underlying ; 밑에 있는; 기초가 되는, 근본적인(fundamental); 함축적인(implicit), 숨겨진(hidden) ;; 4. (경제) (담보·권리 등) 첫째의, 제1의, 우선적인. ;; [ADJ] [ADJ n] The underlying features of an object, event, or situation are not obvious, and it may be difficult to discover or reveal them. [본문으로]
- voluminous ; 책수[권수]가 많은, 여러 권으로 된; 다작의; 분량이 많은, 풍부한; 용적이 큰, 부피가 큰; (옷 따위가) 헐거운; 음량이 풍부한 ;; [ADJ] Something that is voluminous is very large or contains a lot of things. ;; 미국∙영국 [vəˈluːmɪnəs] [본문으로]
- downturn ; [주로 단수로] ~ (in sth) (매출 등의) 감소[하락]; (경기) 하강[침체] ; 반의어 upturn ;; [NOUN] If there is a downturn in the economy or in a company or industry, it becomes worse or less successful than it had been. [본문으로]
- asset bubble ; (경제) 자산거품 [본문으로]
- housing ; 1. [U] 주택(특히 주택의 형태·가격·상태와 관련해서 언급할 때 씀) ;; 2. [U] 주택 공급 ;; [NOUN] You refer to the buildings in which people live as housing when you are talking about their standard, price, or availability. [본문으로]
- lending ; [U] (금융) 대출, 대부 [본문으로]
- mishap ; [C, U] 작은 사고[불행] ;; [NOUN] A mishap is an unfortunate but not very serious event that happens to someone. ;; 미국∙영국 [ˈmɪshæp] [본문으로]
- weather[ride] the storm ;; (배가) 폭풍우를 견뎌내다, 폭풍우를 뚫고 나오다; 난국을 돌파하다 [본문으로]
- households ; (사회복지학) 가계 [본문으로]
- on the eve of ; 1. …전야에 ;; 2. …직전에 [본문으로]
- spending ; [U] (정부·조직체의) 지출 [본문으로]
- cutback ; [주로 복수로] ~ (in sth) 삭감, 감축 [본문으로]
- estimate 도 문장 마지막에 넣어서 활용한 것을 확인 [본문으로]
- debt relief ; [명사] 채무 면제[탕감], 채무 구제. [본문으로]
- homeowner ; [명사] 주택 보유자 [본문으로]
- negative equity ; [U] 역자산(담보를 잡힌 주택의 가격이 갚아야 할 대출금 액수보다 낮은 상황) ;; [NOUN] If someone who has borrowed money to buy a house or flat has negative equity, the amount of money they owe is greater than the present value of their home. [본문으로]
- delight in sth/doing sth ; (수동태로는 안 씀) (특히 다른 사람들이 불편해 하는 어떤 일을 하기를) 대단히 즐기다 ;; to get a lot of pleasure from something or from doing something, especially something that annoys or upsets other people [본문으로]
- perversity ; 1. [U] 괴팍함, 심술궂음, 외고집; 사악 ;; 2. 심술궂은[괴팍한] 행위 ;; [NOUN] [, pl -ties] the quality or state of being perverse ;; 미국∙영국 [pərvə́:rsəti] [본문으로]
- engage ; 4. 교전하다(enter into combat)(with). [본문으로]
- equivalent ; 1. (…와) 같은 것, 동등물, 같은 가치의 것; 동의어; (…의) 상당물, 대응물[to, in, of]. ;; [NOUN] [oft N of n] If one amount or value is the equivalent of another, they are the same. [본문으로]
- mortgage payment ; 담보 대출금 ;; A regularly scheduled payment which includes principal and interest paid by borrower to lender of home loan. The payment amount may or may not include real estate taxes and property insurance. The principal portion is used to pay off the original loan amount; the interest is paid to the lender. [본문으로]
- push for sth / push sb for sth ; (~에게) ~을 계속 요구하다[조르다] ;; to keep asking for something, or asking somebody to do something, because you think it is very important [본문으로]
- House price index ; 주택가격지수 ;; A house price index (HPI) measures the price changes of residential housing as a percentage change from some specific start date (which has HPI of 100). Methodologies commonly used to calculate a HPI are the hedonic regression (HR), simple moving average (SMA) and repeat-sales regression (RSR). [본문으로]
- repayment ; 2. [C, 주로 복수로] 분할 상환금 ;; [NOUN] Repayments are amounts of money which you pay at regular intervals to a person or organization in order to repay a debt. [본문으로]
- intriguingly ; [부사] 흥미를 자아내어, 호기심을 자극하여. [본문으로]
- status quo ; [sing.] (라틴어에서) 현재의 상황, 현상(現狀) ;; [NOUN] The status quo is the state of affairs that exists at a particular time, especially in contrast to a different possible state of affairs. [본문으로]
- rationale ; 미국식 [-ˈnæl] 영국식 [ˌræʃəˈnɑːl] ;; 1. 이론적 해석[근거, 설명] ;; 2. 근본적 이유, 원리 ;; [NOUN] The rationale for a course of action, practice, or belief is the set of reasons on which it is based. [본문으로]
- bland ; (bland·er, bland·est) 1. 특징 없는, 단조로운 ; 유의어 nondescript ;; 3. 재미없는, 건조한 ;; [ADJ] If you describe someone or something as bland, you mean that they are rather dull and unexciting. [본문으로]
- unexceptionable ; 1. (격식) 나무랄 데 없는 ;; 2. (비격식) 크게 새로울[신날] 것 없는 ;; [ADJ] If you describe someone or something as unexceptionable, you mean that they are unlikely to be criticized or objected to, but are not new or exciting, and may have some hidden bad qualities. [본문으로]
- weigh sth against sth ; 1. …을 비교 검토하다 ;; to consider the importance or the advantages of something compared to something else [본문으로]
- accommodate ; 3. [타동사][VN] (격식) (의견 등을) 수용하다[담다] [본문으로]
- Rawlsian ; [Adjective] Of or relating to John Rawls (1921–2002), American moral and political philosopher. [본문으로]
- implicitly ; [부사] 함축적으로; 무조건[절대적]으로; 내재하여. [본문으로]
- hurt ; 2. [[U]] 손해, 해, 손실 [본문으로]
- benchmark ; 1. (측량) 수준점, 수준 기표(基標) ((略 BM)) ;; 2. (판단의) 기준, 표준; 표준 가격 ;; [NOUN] A benchmark is something whose quality or quantity is known and which can therefore be used as a standard with which other things can be compared. [본문으로]
- engage ; 3. 교전하다[with, against]. [본문으로]
- take a[its] toll (on sb/sth) ;; …에 큰 피해[타격]를 주다 ;; (…에) 피해[손실]를 가져오다. ;; have a bad effect on somebody/something; cause a lot of damage, deaths, suffering, etc [본문으로]
- testify ; 1. 증언하다, 입증하다(give evidence, bear witness)(to). [본문으로]
- stimulating ; 1. (아주 흥미로워서) 자극이 되는, 고무적인 ; 유의어 inspiring ;; 2. 활기를 주는 [본문으로]
- enrich ; 3. 〔내용·질·풍미 따위〕를 높이다, …을 농후하게 하다[with, by]. ;; [VERB] To enrich something means to improve its quality, usually by adding something to it. [본문으로]
- long-serving ; [형용사] (명사 앞에만 씀) 장기 근무한 [본문으로]
- bus ; (-s- 또는 -ss-) [VN] 1. [자, 타동사] ~ sb (from/to…) 버스로 실어 나르다 ;; 2. [자, 타동사] (美) (여러 인종의 아이들이 함께 공부할 수 있도록) 버스로 통학시키다 ;; [VERB] When someone is bussed to a particular place or when they bus there, they travel there on a bus. [본문으로]
- of choice (for sb/sth) ; (명사 뒤에 쓰여) (~에 의해/~용으로) 선택되는[고르는] [본문으로]
- sense of community ; 공동체의식(共同體意識) [본문으로]
- far-reaching ; [형용사] 지대한 영향을 가져올 ;; <효과·영향 등이> 멀리까지 미치는; <계획 등이> 원대한; 중요한 ;; [ADJ] If you describe actions, events, or changes as far-reaching, you mean that they have a very great influence and affect a great number of things. [본문으로]
- subtlety ; 2. [C, 주로 복수로] 중요한 세부 요소[사항]들 ;; [NOUN] [usu pl, usu with supp, oft N of n] Subtleties are very small details or differences which are not obvious. ;; 미국∙영국 [ˈsʌtlti] [본문으로]
- uncover ; 2. [타동사] (비밀 등을) 알아내다[적발하다] ;; [VERB] If you uncover something, especially something that has been kept secret, you discover or find out about it. [본문으로]
- fruitfully ; [부사] 결실이 풍부하게; 비옥하게. [본문으로]
- rigorously ; [부사] 엄격히; 엄밀히; 혹독하게. ;; 정밀하게, 정확하게 ;; (논리·수학) 이론적으로 정당하게, 근거 있게. [본문으로]
- spur ; [타동사] 2. 몰아대다, 격려하다, 자극하다 ((on, to, into)) ;; [VERB] If one thing spurs you to do another, it encourages you to do it. [본문으로]
- finger work ; [Noun] The movement or play of the fingers in executing something, especially in playing a musical instrument. [본문으로]
- child prodigy ; 신동, 천재아. ;; infant prodigy [본문으로]
- feverishly ; [부사] 열병에 걸린 것같이 ; 열광하여. [본문으로]
- klavier ; a stringed instrument that has a keyboard [본문으로]
- carriage ; 1. [C] (coach 英 모두 사용; 美 car) (기차의) 객차 ;; 2. [C] 마차 ;; [NOUN] [also by N] A carriage is an old-fashioned vehicle, usually for a small number of passengers, which is pulled by horses. [본문으로]
- repose ; [U] (문예체) 휴식, 수면 ;; [NOUN] Repose is a state in which you are resting and feeling calm. [본문으로]
- musicology ; [U] 음악학 ;; 미국식 [-ˈkɑːl-] 영국식 [ˌmjuːzɪˈkɒlədʒi] [본문으로]
- cast[throw] doubt on ;; 의구심을 던지다 ;; …을 의심하다. [본문으로]
- account ; 6. (있었던 일에 대한) 설명[이야기/말] ;; 7. 기술, 설명, 해석 [본문으로]
- sketch ; [자, 타동사] 2. 개요를 말하다[쓰다](describe in outline) ; 약기(略記)하다, 묘사하다(out). [본문으로]
- improvise ; [타동사] 1. <시·곡 등을> 즉석에서 하다[짓다, 연주하다]; <연설 등을> 즉석에서 하다(extemporize) ;; [VERB] If you improvise, you make or do something using whatever you have or without having planned it in advance. [본문으로]
- composition ; 3. [U] 작곡, 작성 ;; 4. [U] 작곡(법) ;; [NOUN] [usu with supp, oft N of n] When you talk about the composition of something, you are referring to the way in which its various parts are put together and arranged. [본문으로]
- resemble ; 1. (외관·성질 등이) …을 닮다, …과 비슷하다, …과 공통점이 있다(be like or similar to). ;; [VERB] If one thing or person resembles another, they are similar to each other [본문으로]
- deductive ; [형용사] (주로 명사 앞에 씀) 연역적인 ; 참조 inductive ;; [ADJ] Deductive reasoning involves drawing conclusions logically from other things that are already known. [본문으로]
- of today ; 현대의, 오늘날의 [본문으로]
- just as ; 꼭 …처럼 [본문으로]
- compositional ; [형용사] 구성[작문, 작곡]의. ;; [ADJ] Compositional refers to the way composers and artists use their skills or techniques in their work. [본문으로]
- notation ; [U, C] (특히 수학·과학·음악에서) 표기법[기호] ;; [NOUN] A system of notation is a set of written symbols that are used to represent something such as music or mathematics. [본문으로]
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