[Annotated] Internet firms face a global techlash (Aug 10th 2017) [techlash]

Though big tech firms are thriving, they are facing more scrutiny than ever

How much bigger can they get? The five biggest technology firms - Alphabet (Google's parent), Amazon, Apple, Facebook and Microsoft - have published financial results in^[각주:1] recent weeks that put their combined quarterly revenues at $143bn. Yet this rude financial health^[각주:2] conceals^[각주:3] a more troubling long-term trend^[각주:4]: governments, long willing to let internet firms act as they wish, are increasingly trying to tie them down^[각주:5]. 

This goes far beyond the latest row over^[각주:6] sexism and tolerance of diverse political viewpoints in^[각주:7] Silicon Valley, sparked by^[각주:8] a memo written by a Google employee. Scarcely a week passes without a sign of the shift in^[각주:9] attitudes^[각주:10]. On August 1st Amber Rudd, Britain's home secretary^[각주:11], warned that unless the firms did more to block extremist content from^[각주:12] their platforms, they would be forced to do so by new laws. Stephen Bannon, the chief strategist at^[각주:13] the White House, reportedly^[각주:14] wants to regulate^[각주:15] Facebook and Google as utilities^[각주:16]. Steven Mnuchin, the treasury secretary^[각주:17], has talked of taking action against^[각주:18] Amazon because it allegedly^[각주:19] does not pay its fair share of tax.

Under pressure from the Chinese government, Apple removed several "virtual private networks" (VPNs) - services that enable users to bypass^[각주:20] China's censorship apparatus^[각주:21] - from its local app store. In June Canada's Supreme Court ordered^[각주:22] Google to^[각주:23] stop its search engine returning a result advertising a product that infringed on^[각주:24] a firm's intellectual property^[각주:25]. And on August 9th it emerged that the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine, which preserves old versions of edited web pages, has been blocked in India, apparently by order of^[각주:26] the department of telecommunications^[각주:27]. 

The examples vary^[각주:28], but they amount to a significant change in^[각주:29] the regulatory environment^[각주:30]. When the internet went mainstream in^[각주:31] the late 1990s, tech firms and most democratic governments embraced^[각주:32] its global nature^[각주:33]. Firms operated largely free from^[각주:34] onerous rules^[각주:35] (blocking pornography featuring children^[각주:36] has been the main exception). 

One reason is technological^[각주:37]. It has become easier to enforce borders in^[각주:38] cyberspace. Tools that use "IP addresses", the numbers that identify internet connections^[각주:39], have become much better at enabling online firms and regulators to work out where users are. The shift to^[각주:40] smartphones has increased governments' power. App stores have local links, for example to payment services, which make it easier to monitor and control users' activity. 

Meanwhile^[각주:41], as the internet has penetrated every aspect of life offline^[각주:42], incumbents^[각주:43] from publishers to carmakers are coming to see the tech titans as a threat to their survival^[각주:44]. Indeed, tech firms are easy targets for anyone worried about change. They employ relatively few people, and pay little tax. President Donald Trump does not see them as natural allies, as Barack Obama did. (Mr Obama's administration was packed with^[각주:45] former Google employees.) Some governments are unsettled by the growing role in^[각주:46] their national lives of firms whose values are distinctively^[각주:47] American, in particular in their commitment to free speech ahead of privacy. 

One consequence of^[각주:48] governments' fading deference towards^[각주:49] tech firms is a more muscular approach towards^[각주:50] taxation^[각주:51]. Apple is expected soon to put €13bn ($15.3bn) into an escrow account while^[각주:52] courts consider its appeal against^[각주:53] last year's ruling by^[각주:54] the European Commission that the firm owed back taxes in^[각주:55] Ireland, home to^[각주:56] its European headquarters. Another consequence is public policies that^[각주:57] pay little heed to^[각주:58] their needs, for example on immigration. Mr Trump has complained that tech firms import foreign workers rather than hiring Americans, and has ordered a review of the rules^[각주:59] governing work visas^[각주:60]. 

Shooting the messenger^[각주:61]

For more than two decades internet platforms have largely been treated as intermediaries^[각주:62]. They have been seen as more like telecom companies, which may transmit criminal material for which^[각주:63] they are not liable^[각주:64], than media firms, which can be prosecuted or sued for what^[각주:65] they publish. Now, governments in America and Europe are starting to hold them responsible for what^[각주:66] their users do and say. Germany is the most striking example^[각주:67]. From October 1st it will require social-media platforms to take down^[각주:68] hate speech^[각주:69], such as Holocaust denial, within 24 hours or face fines of up to^[각주:70] €50m. 

Under Germany's law, the clock starts when firms are alerted by^[각주:71] users or the authorities^[각주:72]. But some governments are thinking of requiring firms to block some objectionable content^[각주:73] as soon as it appears (as they already do with child porn). Britain's government, for example, wants them to block Islamist propaganda^[각주:74], such as videos of beheadings^[각주:75]. It has ignored tech firms' complaints that this will be difficult and costly. Distinguishing ssift uch content from mainstream reporting on the war in Syria is harder than sifting out^[각주:76] child porn. Automated techniques^[각주:77] will block some legitimate content^[각주:78]. Humans will often have to make the final decision. 

Border control 

Tech firms have been building barriers in cyberspace for some time. Their aim has been commercial: to keep users within "walled gardens^[각주:79]" where it is easier to sell them services. But governments are also erecting borders^[각주:80] - and theirs are more constraining^[각주:81]. Like China, Russia plans to clamp down on^[각주:82] VPNs. Both countries now require data on^[각주:83] domestic users to be stored within^[각주:84] their borders. Such data-localization rules^[각주:85] are a growing problem in democratic countries, too. In January the European Commission complained about "unjustified^[각주:86] restrictions on^[각주:87] the free movement of data" within the EU. 

Even as the internet starts to fragment into^[각주:88] local versions, some countries are trying to extend their legal reach beyond their borders. In the past internet firms would ignore requests from governments that sought to censor what^[각주:89] people elsewhere saw online, for example requests originating in^[각주:90] Thailand, with its stifling^[각주:91] lese-majeste laws^[각주:92] that ban all criticism of its king. But now some democracies are passing extraterritorial laws that^[각주:93] seek to regulate online content wherever it appears. "We risk a heckler's^[각주:94] veto^[각주:95], where any single country can get a piece of information removed not just within that country but anywhere around the world," says Alan Davidson, who served in Mr Obama's administration and is now a fellow at the New America Foundation, a think-tank.

The Canadian ruling against Google, which applies worldwide, could be just the start. Later this year the European Court of Justice^[각주:96] will decide whether the EU's much-contested^[각주:97] "right to be forgotten" applies not just to Google's European sites, but to all of them. This would mean that links to information about people that is deemed^[각주:98] "inadequate^[각주:99], irrelevant or no longer relevant" in the EU will no longer be returned in response to^[각주:100] any Google search anywhere. If the firm does not comply, it may face stiff fines. 

The biggest long-term threat to tech firms is probably antitrust law^[각주:101]. Regulators, particularly in America, have long held that online, competition is only a click away. But they are increasingly concluding that even in cyberspace competition can be restricted by dominant firms, for instance when the tech giants buy up smaller rivals before^[각주:102] they mature into a threat^[각주:103], or discriminate against^[각주:104] their offerings^[각주:105] (for example, in search rankings). Governments have also started to fret about^[각주:106] foreign data monopolies^[각주:107], which they think hoover up local information^[각주:108] and turn it into valuable artificial-intelligence services. 

Perhaps unsurprisingly^[각주:109], given that Europe has produced no big digital platform of its own, such thinking is common in the EU. In June the European Commission^[각주:110] hit Google with a €2.4bn fine for abusing its "monopoly" in online search. But elsewhere^[각주:111], too, regulators are becoming more active. In Japan the head of the Fair Trade Commission^[각주:112] has warned that exclusive access to data could be used to restrict competition. Even in America, such thinking is gaining ground^[각주:113]. 

As tech giants build up their offline presence^[각주:114], they can expect^[각주:115] regulatory^[각주:116] scrutiny to^[각주:117] increase still further. Though Amazon has so far got off lightly, its recent purchase of Whole Foods, an American grocer, is likely to change that. Amazon's fulfilment centers^[각주:118] (warehouses from which products are shipped^[각주:119]) have created hundreds of thousands of jobs; earlier this month it sought to hire 50,000 people across America in one day. That has given it brownie points with^[각주:120] governments. But as more retail jobs are lost to e-commerce, and positions at Amazon become automated^[각주:121], the mood could shift^[각주:122]. Amazon is not alone in venturing into^[각주:123] the physical world. Google is experimenting with^[각주:124] self-driving cars and Facebook with drones, which will bring new headaches and increased oversight^[각주:125]. 

The tech giants are not all equally vulnerable. As a legacy of the antitrust investigations it faced in the 2000s, Microsoft still has plenty of lawyers and lobbyists. It also comes under less scrutiny than^[각주:126] Facebook and Google, which play a bigger role in consumers' daily lives. Both firms are now ramping up their lobbying operations^[각주:127], having seen how Microsoft only belatedly^[각주:128] recognized the risks that accompany commercial dominance^[각주:129]. Google, for example, has around 500 people in its public-affairs^[각주:130] and regulatory team, only a handful of whom^[각주:131] work from its headquarters in California. Many are based in^[각주:132] Europe. "Each company learns from the mistakes of those that went before," says Mr Davidson.

Complying with^[각주:133] a proliferation of^[각주:134] new laws means expanding local teams: Facebook is planning to have 650 "moderators^[각주:135]" in Germany to enable it to respond to takedown requests within the stipulated 24 hours^[각주:136]. Services and technical infrastructure are also becoming more fragmented^[각주:137]. On August 4th it emerged that^[각주:138] Google had agreed to tighten monitoring of^[각주:139] terrorist and other offensive material on its YouTube video-sharing service in Indonesia. Amazon and Microsoft, for their part^[각주:140], have built data centers in certain jurisdictions^[각주:141], such as Germany, to be able to comply with data-protection rules. 

The firms hope that funding local initiatives will help curb resentment^[각주:142]. Google's "Growth Engine for^[각주:143] Europe" aims, among other things, to^[각주:144] help small businesses hone their digital skills^[각주:145]. Facebook's "Journalism project" will seek to fight fake news and to develop new subscription services with publishers, including Axel Springer, which played a big part in the campaign against Google in Europe. In October Microsoft published a book that could easily be mistaken for^[각주:146] a political party's manifesto^[각주:147]. It lists dozens of^[각주:148] detailed public-policy recommendations, ranging from protecting privacy to^[각주:149] fighting cybercrime. Amazon, which faced criticism a few years ago^[각주:150] for its working conditions^[각주:151], has started offering public tours of its fulfilment centers in Europe. 

Things fall apart

Governments sometimes have good reason to claim sovereignty over^[각주:152] the digital realm^[각주:153]. They are responsible for national security and elected to uphold national laws^[각주:154]. But their regulatory push threatens to create a "splinternet", with national borders reproduced in cyberspace^[각주:155]. That would harm the internet's function as an open forum where^[각주:156] people can communicate freely and come up with new global products and services - which is precisely what made it great in the first place. 

1. financial result ; 재정 성과, 재무 성과, 재정 결과 [본문으로]
2. financial health ; 재정건전성, 재무상의 건실함 [본문으로]
3. conceal ; [타동사][VN] ~ sb/sth (from sb/sth) (격식) 감추다, 숨기다 [본문으로]
4. troubling ; 곤란한, 골치 아픈, 난처한, 걱정스러운 [본문으로]
5. tie sb down (to sth/ to doing sth) ; ~를 (~에/~을 하도록) 얽매다[구속하다] ;; to restrict somebody's activities or freedom, for example by making them accept particular conditions or by keeping them busy [본문으로]
6. a row over[about] ; …을 둘러싼 소동[다툼] [본문으로]
7. viewpoint ; 1. [수식 어구를 동반해서] 견해, 견지, 관점(standpoint) ((of)) ;; 2. (어떤 것이) 보이는 지점, 관찰하는 위치 [본문으로]
8. spark ; 1. [타동사][VN] ~ sth (off) 촉발시키다, 유발하다 [본문으로]
9. shift ; 1. CHANGE | [C] ~ (in sth) (위치・입장・방향의) 변화 ;; 참고 ; paradigm shift [본문으로]
10. attitude ; 1. [C] ~ (to/towards sb/sth) (정신적인) 태도[자세], 사고방식 [본문으로]
11. home secretary ; [명사] (영국의) 내무 장관 [본문으로]
12. content ; 3. (작품·논문 등의) 취지, 요지, 진의; (형식에 대하여) 내용(opp. form); [철학] 개념의 내용; (의식·경험의) 내용; [심리] 반응 내용; [논리] 내포 개념을 규정하는 속성 개념 [본문으로]
13. Chief Strategy Officer ; (경제) 최고 전략책임자(最高戰略責任者) [본문으로]
14. reportedly ; [문장수식] 들리는 바에 의하면, 소문에 의하면; 보도에 의하면. [본문으로]
15. regulate ; 1. 규제[통제/단속]하다 [본문으로]
16. utility ; (pl. -ies) 1. [C] (특히 美) (수도・전기・가스 같은) 공익사업 [본문으로]
17. treasury secretary ; [명사] 재무 장관 (cf. the Treasury Department (미국) 재무부) [본문으로]
18. take action against ; ~에 대해 조치를 취하다 [본문으로]
19. allegedly ; [문장 수식][흔히 경멸적으로] (진위는 모르나) 주장하는 바에 따르면, 들리는 바에 의하면. [본문으로]
20. bypass ; [vn] 1. 우회하다 ;; 2. (정해진 절차・순서를 거치지 않고) 건너뛰다 [본문으로]
21. censorship apparatus ; 검열기구 apparatus ; 2. [C] [주로 단수로] (특히 정당・정부의) 조직체[기구] ;; 미국식 [|ӕpə|rӕtəs] 영국식 [|ӕpə|reɪtəs] [본문으로]
22. Supreme Court ; [명사] 대법원 [본문으로]
23. order ; (orders[-z]) 1. …에게[을] 명령하다, 지시하다, 지령하다; (특정한 장소에 가도록[오도록]) …에게 명령하다. [본문으로]
24. infringe on ; ~을 침해하다 ;; to limit somebody's freedom, rights, etc. [본문으로]
25. intellectual property ; (법률) 지적 재산; 지적 소유권[재산권](intellectual property right). [본문으로]
26. by order of ; …의 명령에 따라 [본문으로]
27. department ; 2. (보통 D-) 《집합적; 단·복수 양용》 (미국 연방 정부·영국 정부의) 부(部)(*영국의 「부」는 Ministry, Office이나 신설부의 경우에는 Department) (<참고> ministry); (영국 정부·미국 주 정부의) 국(局), 과(課)(*연방 정부의 「국」은 bureau, 「과」는 division)(약어 Dept.). ;; 3. (지방 자치체·회사 따위의) 국, 부, 과(약어 dep., dept., dpt.). [본문으로]
28. vary ; (vary・ing , var・ied , var・ied), (참고: varied) 1. [자동사][V] ~ (in sth) (한 무리의 비슷한 것들이) (크기・모양 등에서) 서로[각기] 다르다 ;; 2. [자동사][V] ~ (with sth) | ~ (from sth to sth) | ~ (between A and B) (상황에 따라) 달라지다[다르다] [본문으로]
29. amount to sth ; 1. (합계가) …에 이르다[달하다] ;; 2. …와 마찬가지이다[…에 해당하다] [본문으로]
30. regulatory ; [주로 명사 앞에 씀] (산업・상업 분야의) 규제[단속]력을 지닌 [본문으로]
31. go mainstream ; become well-known and accepted (주류가 되다) [본문으로]
32. embrace ; 2. [타동사][VN] (격식) (생각・제의 등을 열렬히) 받아들이다[수용하다] ;; 3. [타동사][VN] (격식) 포괄하다, 아우르다 [본문으로]
33. global ; [형용사][주로 명사 앞에 씀] 2. 전반[전체/포괄]적인 [본문으로]
34. free from ; …을 면한, …의 염려가 없는 [본문으로]
35. onerous ; 1. 성가신, 귀찮은, 부담스러운(burdensome) ;; 2. (법) 부담이 따르는(cf. GRATUITOUS) ;; 미국식 [|ɑ:nərəs;|oʊnərəs] 영국식 [|əʊnərəs] [본문으로]
36. feature ; 1. [타동사][VN] ~ sb/sth (as sb/sth) 특별히 포함하다, 특징으로 삼다 [본문으로]
37. technological ; 2. (경제) (과학[공업]) 기술에 의한, 기술적 원인에 의한, 생산 방법의 기술적 진보로 말미암은. [본문으로]
38. enforce ; 1. ~ sth (on/against sb/sth) (법률 등을) 집행[시행/실시]하다 ;; 2. ~ sth (on sb) 강요하다 [본문으로]
39. identify ; 1. 동일함을[ …에 틀림없음을] 확인하다, …이 누구[무엇]인가를 확인하다, 식별하다, 감정하다(recognize or establish the identify of). [본문으로]
40. a shift to ; …쪽으로의 변화. [본문으로]
41. meanwhile ; 1. (비격식 mean・time) (다른 일이 일어나고 있는) 그 동안에 ;; 3. 한편 [본문으로]
42. penetrate ; 5. <정치·문화·습관 등이> <외국 등에> 영향을 미치다, 침투하다 [본문으로]
43. incumbent ; [명사] 2. 현직[재직]자, 재임자; [미] 현직 의원 [본문으로]
44. survival ; 1. [[U]] 생존, 살아남음, 잔존 ;; 2. 생존자, 잔존자[물]; (특히 고대의) 유물, 유풍 [본문으로]
45. pack ; 5. FILL | (사람・물건으로) 가득[빽빽히] 채우다 ;; 참고 ; packed out, packed [본문으로]
46. unsettle ; [타동사] 1. 〔위치〕를 동요시키다; …을 뒤흔들다, 휘젓다. ;; 2. 〔감정〕을 뒤흔들다, 〔마음 따위〕를 어지럽히다, 〔사람〕을 불안하게 하다, …의 침착성을 잃게 하다. [본문으로]
47. distinctively ; [부사] 특징적으로; (다른 것과) 구별하여; 독특하게; [언어] 판별적으로; 차이를 나타내어 [본문으로]
48. consequence ; 1. [C] ~ (for sb/sth) (발생한 일의) 결과 [본문으로]
49. deference ; [U] 존중[경의](을 표하는 행동) ;; 미국∙영국 [|defərəns] [본문으로]
50. muscular ; 5. [구어] 강력한. [본문으로]
51. taxation ; [U] 1. 조세, 세수 ;; 2. 과세제도, 세제 [본문으로]
52. escrow account ; [명사] (금융) 에스크로 계정(수출상 A가 수입상 B로부터 받을 대금을 B의 거래 은행에 예치하고 다음번 B로부터의 수입품 결제에 충당하는 방법). ;; escrow ; (법) 조건부 날인 증서 ((어떤 조건이 성립될 때까지 제3자에게 보관해 둠)) ;; 미국∙영국 [éskrou,iskróu] [본문으로]
53. appeal against ; …에 맞서 상소하다, 상고하다, 항소하다 [본문으로]
54. ruling ; [명사] ~ (on sth) (특히 판사의) 결정, 판결 [본문으로]
55. back tax ; [명사] 체납 세금. [본문으로]
56. home to ~ ; ~ 의 발상지인, 본가인 [본문으로]
57. public policy ; 공공 정책; [법] 공익 질서 ;; 공정 책(公政策), 국책 (國策). [본문으로]
58. [give]pay heed to sb/sth ; (~에) 세심한 주의를 기울이다 ;; 동의어 ; take heed (of somebody/something) [본문으로]
59. review ; 2. [UC][法]재심리 [본문으로]
60. govern ; 5. <법률이> …에 적용되다 [본문으로]
61. shoot[kill] the messenger ; 엉뚱한 사람에게 화풀이를 하다[정작 책임이 있는 사람이 아니라 나쁜 소식을 전한 사람을 나무라다] [본문으로]
62. intermediary ; [명사] pl. -ies ~ (between A and B) 중재자, 중개인 [본문으로]
63. transmit ; 1-b. <지식·보도·정보 등을> 전하다, 알리다 ((to)) ;; 5. [통신] <전파를> 발신하다; <전파로 신호를> 보내다; 방송하다 ;; 6. (컴퓨터) <정보를> 전송하다 [본문으로]
64. liable ; [형용사] [P] 1. (법률상 부채·손해 등에 대해) 책임져야 할, 책임 있는 ((for, to)); (세금·벌금 등을) 납입할 의무가 있는; (…에) 처해져야 할, (…을) 당해야 할, (…을) 받아야 할, (…을) 면할 수 없는 ((to)) [본문으로]
65. prosecute VS sue ;; "Prosecute" descibes an action taken by the authorities to institute criminal proceedings against the suspects for a crime. Civilians cannot prosecute anyone. Prosecution is done normally by a unit under an attorney general, which is a government post. "Prosecute" applies to criminal cases only. The Prosecution represents the Crown or the State. "Sue" is used in civil cases only. In a civil case, there is a plaintiff and one or more defendants. There is no Prosecution. [본문으로]
66. hold sb responsible ; 책임을 묻다 [본문으로]
67. striking ; 1. 눈에 띄는, 두드러진, 현저한 ;; 2. 굉장히 매력적인, 빼어난 [본문으로]
68. take down ; 3. ~을 적다[기록하다] [본문으로]
69. hate speech ; (특정 인종·성·종교 따위에 대한) 편파[경멸]적 발언, 증오 연설 [본문으로]
70. face a fine up to ; 최대 ~의 벌금형에 직면하다 [본문으로]
71. alert ; …에게 경계 태세를 취하게 하다; …에 경보를 발하다; 〔사람〕에게 주의를 환기하다. [본문으로]
72. authority ; 4. ORGANIZATION | [C] [주로 복수로] 당국 ;; 참고 ; local authority [본문으로]
73. objectionable ; [형용사] (격식) 불쾌한, 무례한 [본문으로]
74. propaganda ; [U] (보통 못마땅함) (정치 지도자・정당 등에 대한 허위・과장된) 선전 [본문으로]
75. behead ; [타동사][VN] [주로 수동태로] (형벌로) 목을 베다, 참수하다 [본문으로]
76. sift out ; 1. (원치 않는) ~을 체로 걸러 내다 ;; 2. (원치 않는) ~을 걸러[골라] 내다 [본문으로]
77. automated ; [형용사] 자동화된, 자동의 [본문으로]
78. legitimate ; 1. 정당한, 타당한, 적당한 [본문으로]
79. walled ; [형용사] 벽이 있는, 벽으로 둘러싸인; 성벽으로 방비한 [본문으로]
80. erect ; (격식) 1. 건립하다 [본문으로]
81. constrain ; (constrains[-z]) 1. …을 강제하다, 강요하다; 《수동형으로》 〔남〕에게 억지로 …하게 하다[to do]. ;; 동의어 ; FORCE [본문으로]
82. clamp down on ; …을 엄하게 단속하다 ;; ...을 탄압하다 – 단단히 밟다. [본문으로]
83. data on ; ~에 대한 데이터 [본문으로]
84. store ; [vn] 1. ~ sth (away/up) 저장[보관]하다 ;; 2. (컴퓨터・뇌 속에 정보 등을) 저장[기억]하다 [본문으로]
85. data-localization ; Data localization or data residency law requires data about a nations' citizens or residents be collected, processed, and/or stored inside the country, often before being transferred internationally, and usually transferred only after meeting local privacy or data protection laws, such as giving the user notice of how the information will be used and obtaining their consent. Data localization builds upon the concept of data sovereignty that regulates certain data types by the laws applicable to the data subject or processor. While, data sovereignty may require records about a nations citizens or residents follow its personal or financial data processing laws, data localization goes a step further in requiring that initial collection, processing, and storage occur first within the national boundaries. In some cases, data about a nation's citizens or residents must also be deleted from foreign systems before being removed from systems in the data subject's nation. [본문으로]
86. unjustified ; 정당하지 않은, 근거가 없는 [본문으로]
87. a restriction on ; ~에 대한 제한(규정, 명령) [본문으로]
88. fragment ; [자,타동사][V, VN] 산산이 부수다[부서지다], 해체되다[하다] [본문으로]
89. seek to do ; ~하도록 시도, 추구하다 [본문으로]
90. originate in[with, from] ; …에서 비롯하다. [본문으로]
91. stifling ; 1. <공기 등이> 숨 막힐 듯한, 답답한 ;; 2. <예절 등이> 딱딱하고 거북한 [본문으로]
92. lese-majeste ; [명사] (법률) 불경죄(不敬罪), 대역죄(high treason) ; (전통적 관습·신앙 따위에 대한)모독(冒瀆). ;; 미국식 [lí:zmǽƷəstei] 영국식 [léizmǽdƷəstèi] [본문으로]
93. extraterritorial ; [형용사] 법률이 법역 외의(그 법이 제정된 국가 밖에서도 유효한) ;; 미국∙영국 [|ekstrəterə|tɔ:riəl] [본문으로]
94. heckler ; [명사] 못살게 하는 사람, 괴롭히는 사람. [본문으로]
95. veto ; (pl. -oes) 1. [C , U] 거부권 ;; 2. [C] ~ (on sth) 금지 [본문으로]
96. the European Court of Justice ; 유럽 사법 재판소 [본문으로]
97. contested ; [형용사] 경쟁의, 이론이 있는 [본문으로]
98. deem ; [보통 진행형으로는 쓰이지 않음] (격식) (…로) 여기다[생각하다] [본문으로]
99. inadequate ; 1. ~ (for sth) | ~ (to do sth) 불충분한, 부적당한 ;; 2. (사람들이) (상황을 처리하기에) 부족한[무능한] [본문으로]
100. in response to ; …에 응하여[답하여] [본문으로]
101. antitrust law ; [명사] 독점 금지법, 반트러스트법(미국의 셔먼법 등이 그 대표로, 독점이나 과점에 의해 초래되는 폐해를 방지하기 위한 법률을 가리키며, 독금법 따위가 이에 해당한다) [본문으로]
102. buy up ; [동사] 매수하여 장악하다; 매점[매절]하다. ;; 동의어 ; buy out; buy all the goods. [본문으로]
103. mature into ; 3. DEVELOP SKILL | [자동사][V] ~ (into sth) (기량 등이) 원숙해지다[원숙해져서 ~이 되다] [본문으로]
104. discriminate against ; …을 냉대[차별 대우]하다 [본문으로]
105. offering ; (참고: burnt offering , peace offering) 1. (사람들이 사용하거나 즐기도록) 제공된[내놓은] 것 [본문으로]
106. fret about ; …에 대해 초조해하다. [본문으로]
107. monopoly ; (pl. -ies) 1. ~ (in/of/on sth) (상업) (생산・시장의) 독점, 전매; 독점[전매] 상품[서비스] ;; 참고 ; duopoly [본문으로]
108. hoover up ; 2. (비격식) (많은 양을) 독차지[독식]하다 [본문으로]
109. unsurprisingly ; 놀랄 것도 없이, 당연하게도, 아니나 다를까 [본문으로]
110. the European Commission ; [명사] 유럽 연합 집행 기관, 유럽 위원회 [본문으로]
111. elsewhere ; 어떤 딴 곳에[에서, 으로]; 다른 장소에서는; 다른 경우에 [본문으로]
112. the Fair Trade Commission ; [명사] 공정 거래 위원회(FTC). [본문으로]
113. gain ground (on) ; 더 강력해지다[성공하다], …에 접근해가다, 점점 ...에 가까워지다. [본문으로]
114. presence ; 3. [U, C] (타국 군대의) 주둔, 주재; 그 (군사·경제적) 영향력; (외국에의 군사력·경제력 따위의) 진출. [본문으로]
115. expect ; 3. ~ sth (of/from sb) (어떤 일을 하기를) 요구하다[기대하다/바라다] [본문으로]
116. regulatory ; [형용사] (주로 명사 앞에 씀) (산업・상업 분야의) 규제[단속]력을 지닌 [본문으로]
117. scrutiny ; [U] (격식) 정밀 조사, 철저한 검토 [본문으로]
118. fulfilment (fulfillment) ; 2. (잡지의 구독 예약 접수·발송 따위) 고객 주문 처리 업무[과정]. [본문으로]
119. ship ; (-pp-) 1. [타동사][VN] (배나 다른 운송 수단으로) 실어 나르다, 수송[운송]하다 [본문으로]
120. brownie points ; 윗사람에게 환심을 사서 얻는 총애 [본문으로]
121. automated ; [형용사] 자동화된, 자동의 [본문으로]
122. shift ; 4. SITUATION/OPINION/POLICY | [타동사][VN] ~ sth (from…) (to/towards/toward…) (견해・태도・방식을) 바꾸다 [본문으로]
123. venture into[on] sth ; (위험을 무릅쓰고) ~을 하다, ~을 감행하다 [본문으로]
124. experiment with ; …을 실험하다. [본문으로]
125. oversight ; 1. [C , U] (잊어버리거나 못 보고 지나쳐서 생긴) 실수, 간과 [본문으로]
126. come under scrutiny ; 면밀한 조사를 받다 ;; come under sth ; 1. (특정 집단 속에) 포함되다[들어가다] ;; 2. (공격·비난을) 받게 되다 ;; 3. (무엇의 통제·영향을) 받다 [본문으로]
127. ramp up ; ~을 늘리다[증가시키다] [본문으로]
128. belatedly ; [부사] 늦게 ; 뒤늦게 ; 시대에 뒤지게. [본문으로]
129. accompany ; 3. …와 동시에 일어나다, …에 보태다, 곁들이다, 덧붙이다[with]. [본문으로]
130. public affairs ; [명사] (일반 대중에게 영향을 주는) 사회 문제 [본문으로]
131. a handful of ; 소수의 [본문으로]
132. be based in ; ~에 기반을 두다 [본문으로]
133. comply with ; 순응하다, 지키다, 준수하다 [본문으로]
134. proliferation ; [U , sing.] 급증, 확산 [본문으로]
135. moderator ; 1. 조절자, 완화자, 중재자, 조정자; 조절기, 조정기. [본문으로]
136. stipulated ; 약정한 ;; stipulate ; 1. <계약서·조항 등이> 규정하다, 명기(明記)하다, 명문화하다; 조건으로서 요구하다 ;; 2. 약정[계약]하다 ;; 3. (법) (소송 수속으로서) …에 합의하다 [본문으로]
137. fragmented ; [형용사] 분열된, 조직이 파괴된 [본문으로]
138. it emerges that ~ ; ~한 것을 나타나다, 드러나다, 알려지다 [본문으로]
139. tighten ; 2. [타동사][VN] 더 엄격하게 하다 [본문으로]
140. for one's (own) part ; 자기로서는, 자기에 관한 한 [본문으로]
141. jurisdiction ; (격식) 2. [C] 관할 구역 [본문으로]
142. curb ; 2. 구속하다, 억제하다(restrain, keep in check). [본문으로]
143. growth engine ; 2. 구속하다, 억제하다(restrain, keep in check). [본문으로]
144. "aim to" 동사구 사이에 comma를 찍고 전치사구를 넣어 활용한 것을 확인 [본문으로]
145. hone ; [~ sth (to sth)] 1. (특히 기술을) 연마하다 [본문으로]
146. mistake ; (mis・took / mI'stUk / , mis・taken / mI'steIkən /) ~ sb/sth (as sb/sth) 오해[오인]하다, 잘못 판단하다 [본문으로]
147. manifesto ; (pl. ~s, ~es) (군주·정부·정당·단체 따위가 발표하는) 선언, 성명(proclamation) ; 선언[성명]서, 포고문. ;; 미국식 [|mӕnɪ|festoʊ] 영국식 [|mӕnɪ|festəʊ] [본문으로]
148. dozens of ; 수십의, 많은 [본문으로]
149. range from ~ to ~ ; 범위가 ~에서 ~까지 이르다 [본문으로]
150. [encounter, run into] face criticism ; 비판을 받다 [본문으로]
151. working condition ; 1. (전기공학, 전자공학, 전산학, 통신학) 사용 조건(使用條件) ;; 2. 동작조건(動作條件) ;; 3. 작업조건(作業條件) [본문으로]
152. claim sovereignty over ; ~에 대한 주권(통치권)을 주장하다 [본문으로]
153. realm ; 2. 범위, 영역 ;; 3. (학문 등의) 분야, 부문 [본문으로]
154. uphold ; (up・held , up・held / -'held /), [vn] 1. (법・원칙 등을) 유지시키다[옹호하다] [본문으로]
155. reproduce ; 2. [타동사][VN] 다시 만들어 내다, 재생[재현]하다 [본문으로]
156. open forum ; 공개 토론회 [본문으로]