티스토리 뷰
The dominance of 1Google, Facebook and Amazon is bad for consumers and competition
Not long ago, being the boss of a big Western tech firm was a dream job. As the billions rolled in 2, so did the plaudits 3: Google, Facebook, Amazon and others were making the world a better place. Today these companies are accused of being 4BAADD - big, anti-competitive 5, addictive and destructive to 6democracy. Regulators fine 7them 8, politicians grill them 9and one-time backers warn of their power to cause harm.
Much of this techlash is misguided 10. The presumption that 11big businesses must necessarily be wicked is plain wrong 12 13. Apple is to be admired as the world's most valuable listed company for the simple reason that 14it makes things people want to buy, even while facing fierce competition 15. Many online services would be worse if their providers were smaller. Evidence for the link between smartphones and unhappiness is weak. Fake news is not only an online phenomenon 16.
But big tech platforms, particularly Facebook, Google and Amazon, do indeed raise a worry about fair competition 17. That is partly because they often benefit from legal exemptions 18. Unlike publishers, Facebook and Google are rarely held responsible for what users do on them; and for years most American buyers on Amazon did not pay sales tax. Nor do the titans simply compete in a market. Increasingly 19, they are the market itself, providing the infrastructure (or "platforms") for much of the digital economy. Many of their services appear to be free, but users "pay" for them by giving away their data 20. Powerful though they already are, their huge stockmarket valuations suggest that investors are counting on them to double or even triple in size in the next decade.
There is thus 21a justified fear that the tech titans will use their power to protect and extend their dominance 22, to the detriment of 23consumers. The tricky task for policymakers is to restrain 24 them 25without unduly stifling innovation 26 27.
The platforms have become so dominant because they benefit from "network effects". Size begets size 29: the more sellers Amazon, say, can attract, the more buyers will shop there, which attracts more sellers, and so on 30. By some estimates 31, Amazon captures over 40% of online shopping in America. With more than 2bn monthly users 32, Facebook holds sway over the media industry 33. Firms cannot do without Google, which in some countries processes more than 90% of web searches. Facebook and Google control two-thirds of America's online ad revenues 34.
America's trustbusters 35have given tech giants the benefit of the doubt 36. They look for consumer harm 37, which is hard to establish when prices are falling 38and services are "free". The firms themselves stress that a giant-killing startup is just a click away 39 40and that they could be toppled by 41a new technology, such as the blockchain. Before Google and Facebook, Alta Vista and MySpace were the bee's knees 42. Who remembers them?
However, the barriers to entry are rising 43. Facebook not only owns the world's largest pool of personal data, but also 44its biggest "social graph" - the list of its members and how they are connected. Amazon has more pricing information than 45any other firm. Voice assistants, such as Amazon's Alexa and Google's Assistant, will give them even more control over how people experience the internet. China's tech firms have the heft to compete 46, but are not about to get unfettered access to 47Western consumers.
If this trend runs its course 48, consumers will suffer as the tech industry becomes less vibrant 49. Less money will go into startups, most good ideas will be bought up by the titans and, one way or another, the profits will be captured by 50the giants.
The early signs are already visible 51. The European Commission has accused Google of 52using control of Android, its mobile operating system 53, to give its own apps a leg up 54. Facebook keeps buying firms which could one day lure users away 55: first Instagram, then WhatsApp and most recently tbh, an app that lets teenagers send each other compliments anonymously 56. Although Amazon is still increasing competition in aggregate 57 58, as industries from groceries to television can attest 59, it can also spot rivals 60and squeeze them from the market 61.
What to do? In the past 64, societies have tackled monopolies either by breaking them up 65, as with Standard Oil in 1911, or by regulating them as a public utility 66, as with AT&T in 1913. Today both those approaches have big drawbacks 67 68. The traditional tools of utilities regulation 69 70, such as price controls 71and profit caps 72, are hard to apply, since most products are free and would come at a high price in forgone investment 73and innovation. Likewise 74, a full-scale break-up would cripple the platforms' economies of scale 75 76, worsening the service 77they offer consumers 78. And even then 79, in all likelihood 80one of the Googlettes or Facebabies would eventually sweep all before it 81as the inexorable logic of 82network effects reasserted itself 83.
The lack of a simple solution deprives politicians of easy slogans 84, but does not leave trustbusters impotent 85. Two broad changes of 86thinking would go a long way towards 87sensibly taming the titans 88. The first is to make better use of 89existing competition law 90. Trustbusters should scrutinize mergers 91 to gauge whether 92 a deal is likely to neutralize a potential long-term threat 93 94, even if the target is small at the time 95. Such scrutiny 96 might have prevented Facebook's acquisition of Instagram and Google's of Waze 97, which makes navigation software. To 98ensure that the platforms do not favor their own products 99, oversight groups 100could be set up to deliberate on complaints from rivals 101- a bit like the independent "technical committee 102" created by the antitrust case against 103Microsoft in 2001. Immunity to content liability 104 must go 105, too.
Second, trustbusters need to think afresh about how 106markets work. A central insight 107, one increasingly discussed among economists and regulators, is that personal data are 108 the currency in which customers actually buy services. Through that prism 109, the tech titans receive valuable information - on their users' behavior, friends and purchasing habits 110- in return for 111their products. Just as 112America drew up sophisticated rules about intellectual property in 113 114the 19th century, so it needs a new set of laws to govern the ownership 115 116and exchange of data, with the aim of giving solid rights 117 to individuals 118.
In essence 119this means giving people more control over their information. If a user so desires, key data should be made available in real time to 120 121other firms - as banks in Europe are now required to do with 122customers' account information 123. Regulators could oblige platform firms to make anonymized 124 bulk data 125 available to 126competitors, in return for a fee, a bit like the compulsory licensing of a patent 127 128. Such data-sharing requirements 129could be calibrated to firms' size 130: the bigger platforms are, the more they have to share. These mechanisms would turn data from something titans hoard 131, to suppress competition 132, into something users share, to foster innovation 133.
None of this will be simple, but it would tame the titans without wrecking the gains they have brought 134 135. Users would find it easier to switch between 136services. Upstart competitors 137would have access to some of 138the data that larger firms hold and thus be better equipped to grow to maturity without 139 140being gobbled up 141. And shareholders could no longer assume monopoly profits 142 for decades to come 143 144.
- dominance ; [U] 우월(ascendancy); 권세; 지배; 우세; [생물·심리] 우성(優性) [본문으로]
- roll in ; 1. (수량이) 많이 들어오다[밀려들어오다] [본문으로]
- plaudit ; [명사] [보통 pl.] 갈채, 박수, 칭찬 ;; 미국∙영국 [plɔ́:dit] [본문으로]
- be accused of ; ~로 비난을 받다 [본문으로]
- anti-competitive ; [형용사] (기업 간의) 반(反)경쟁적인 [본문으로]
- destructive ; (opp. constructive) 1. 파괴적인, 해를 끼치는 ((of, to)) [본문으로]
- regulator ; 1. (산업・상업 분야의) 규제[단속] 기관[담당자] [본문으로]
- fine ; [흔히 수동태로] ~ sb (sth) (for sth/for doing sth) 벌금을 물리다[부과하다] [본문으로]
- grill ; 3. ~ sb (about sth) 다그치다, 닦달하다 ;; 4. (英속어) 엄하게 심문하다, 꼬치꼬치 캐묻다(question persistently). [본문으로]
- misguide ; [타동사] 그릇되게 지도하다, 잘못 이끌다(mislead); 잘못 인식시키다 ((about)) [본문으로]
- presumption ; 1. [UC/] 추정, 가정; 억측, 어림짐작; 있음직함, 가능성; 인정, 추정의 근거 [본문으로]
- wicked ; (wick・ed・er , wick・ed・est), (more wicked와 most wicked도 쓸 수 있다.) 1. 못된, 사악한 ;; 2. (비격식) (재미있기도 하면서) 짓궂은, 장난기 있는 ;; 3. 위험한, 심한, 강력한 [본문으로]
- plain ; 2. 순전한, 철저한 [본문으로]
- listed company ; (증권·금융) 상장(上場) 회사 [본문으로]
- fierce competition ; [명사] 심한 경쟁 [본문으로]
- phenomenon ; (pl. phe・nom・ena / -Inə /) 1. 현상 ;; 참고 ; opp. noumenon [본문으로]
- fair competition ; (경제학) 적정경쟁, 공정 경쟁 [본문으로]
- exemption ; 1. [U , C] ~ (from sth) 면제 ;; 2. [C] (세금) 공제(액) [본문으로]
- increasingly ; [부사] 점점 더, 갈수록 더 [본문으로]
- give away ; [동사] 거저 주다; (결혼식에서 신부를) 신랑에게 인도하다; 나누어 주다; (좋은 기회를) 저버리다, 양보하다; 폭로하다, 누설하다. [본문으로]
- thus ; (격식), (참고: far adv.) 1. 이렇게 하여; 이와 같이 ;; 2. 따라서, 그러므로 [본문으로]
- extend ; 3. MAKE LONGER/LARGER/WIDER | [타동사][VN] (사업・영향력 등을) 확대[확장]하다 [본문으로]
- detriment ; (주로 단수로 격식) [U]손실, 손해, 상해; [C]손실[손해]이 되는 것, 손실[손해]의 원인[to] ;; 미국∙영국 [|detrɪmənt] [본문으로]
- policymaker ; [명사] 정책 입안자[담당자] [본문으로]
- restrain ; 2. ~ yourself (from sth/from doing sth) (감정 등을) 억누르다[참다] ;; 3. (더 왕성해지지 못하도록) 억제하다 [본문으로]
- unduly ; [부사] (격식) 지나치게, 과도하게 ;; 참고 ; duly [본문으로]
- stifling ; 1. <공기 등이> 숨 막힐 듯한, 답답한 ;; 2. <예절 등이> 딱딱하고 거북한 [본문으로]
- contest ; 2. ~ (for sth) (주도권이나 권력) 다툼[경쟁] ;; 명사 [美|kɑ:ntest] 동사 [kən|test] [본문으로]
- beget ; 2. (격식 또는 구식) (어떤 결과를) 부르다, 야기하다 ;; 미국∙영국 [bɪ|get] [본문으로]
- and so on ; 기타 등등, …등(et cetera) ;; and so forth [본문으로]
- estimate ; 3. [종종 pl.] 견적서 [본문으로]
- monthly ; [형용사] 1. 한 달에 한 번의, 매월의 ;; [부사] 매월, 다달이; 한 달에 한 번 [본문으로]
- hold sway over ; …을 지배하다, 마음대로 하다 ;; have power, control or great influence over somebody/something [본문으로]
- ad revenue ; 광고 수익 [본문으로]
- trustbuster ; (美) 독점(獨占) 금지법으로 트러스트를 해체시키려는 관리(官吏); (미국 연방정부의) 반(反) 트러스트법 위반 단속관 [본문으로]
- benefit of the doubt ; [명사] (법률) (증거 불충분의 경우) 무죄 추정; 유리한[선의의] 해석. [본문으로]
- look for ; [동사] 찾다, 구하다; 기대하다. ;; 동의어 ; seek, pursue; anticipate. [본문으로]
- establish ; 5. (사실을) 규명하다[밝히다] [본문으로]
- giant-killing ; [NOUN] [mainly BRIT, JOURNALISM] In sport, when a weaker team or competitor beats a much stronger, well-known team or competitor, their success is sometimes called a giant-killing. [본문으로]
- a click away ; 단 한번클릭, 단지 클릭 한번 [본문으로]
- topple ; 1. [자,타동사][+ adv. / prep.] 넘어지다; 넘어뜨리다 ;; 2. [타동사][VN] 실각시키다 [본문으로]
- bee's knees ; [the ~; 단수 취급] [구어] 최상급의[월등한] 것[일]; 최적임자 ;; '멋진'의 옛날 표현 [본문으로]
- barriers to entry ; (경제) 진입장벽 [본문으로]
- pool ; 4. GROUP OF THINGS/PEOPLE | [C] ~ (of sth) 공동 이용 자금[물자] ;; 5. GROUP OF THINGS/PEOPLE | [C] ~ (of sth) 이용 가능 인력 [본문으로]
- pricing information ; [명사] 가격 정보 [본문으로]
- heft ; 2. (美·英방언) 무게, 중량(weight) ; 세력, 영향(influence). ;; 3. (美구어) 대부분, 거의 다(the greater part, bulk). [본문으로]
- unfettered ; [형용사] (격식) 제한받지 않는, 규제가 없는 [본문으로]
- run one's course ; 갈 데까지 가다; (사람이) 일생을 마치다 ;; (idiomatic) To come to a natural end [본문으로]
- vibrant ; 1. 활기찬, 생기가 넘치는 [본문으로]
- capture ; 3. TAKE CONTROL | 점유하다, 차지하다 [본문으로]
- visible ; 3. 눈에 띄는, 두드러진, 화려한 (존재의); (TV·신문 등에서) 자주 뉴스에 나오는, 활동이 많은. [본문으로]
- the European Commission ;; [NOUN] Former name (until 1993) : Commission of the European Communities the executive body of the European Union formed in 1967, which initiates action in the EU and mediates between member governments [본문으로]
- operating system ; [명사] (컴퓨터) 운영 체제 [본문으로]
- leg up ; [명사] (구어) 원조, 도움; 우위, 유리. ;; 동의어 ; aid, assistance; advantage, head start [본문으로]
- lure ; 1. 유혹하다, 낚아 들이다, 꾀어 들이다(decoy, entice)(away, into). [본문으로]
- anonymously ; [부사] 작자[저자]미상으로; 익명으로. [본문으로]
- increase competition ; 경쟁을 부추기다, 경쟁을 심하시키다 [본문으로]
- in (the) aggregate ; 전체적으로, 모두 합쳐 [본문으로]
- attest ; [자동사] 1. 증언[증명]하다 ((to)) ;; 2. <사물이> …의 증거가 되다, 입증하다 ((to)) [본문으로]
- spot ; (-tt-) 1. [진행형으로는 쓰이지 않음] 발견하다, 찾다, 알아채다(특히 갑자기 또는 쉽지 않은 상황에서 그렇게 함을 나타냄) [본문으로]
- squeeze ... out of[from] ~ ; (압박·협박 등으로) ~에게서 ...을 받아[뜯어] 내다 ;; 흐름상 "시장에서 살아남지 못하게 하다" 정도의 의미 [본문으로]
- rivalry ; [U, C] 경쟁, 대항; 경쟁[적대] 행위, 대항 (의식), 대립 (관계). ;; 미국∙영국 [|raɪvlri] [본문으로]
- remedy ; (pl. -ies), [~ (for/to sth)] 1. 처리 방안, 해결[개선]책 ;; 3. ~ (against sth) (법률) (권리 침해에 대한 법적) 구제 방법 [본문으로]
- in the past ; (《과거형과 함께》) 옛날, 이전에, 과거에; 《완료형과 함께》 종래, 지금까지 [본문으로]
- tackle ; 1. [타동사][VN] (힘든 문제・상황과) 씨름하다 [본문으로]
- public utility ; 1. 공익 사업(체)(교통 · 가스 · 수도 · 전화 따위 사업). ;; 2. (-ties) 공공 사업주(株). [본문으로]
- approach ; 1. TO PROBLEM/TASK | [C] ~ (to sth) 접근법, 처리 방법 [본문으로]
- drawback ; [명사] ~ (of/to sth) | ~ (of/to doing sth) 결점, 문제점 [본문으로]
- tool ; 2. (어떤 목적을 이루기 위한) 도구[수단] [본문으로]
- regulation ; 1. (보통 regulations) 규칙, 규정; 조례, 법규; [U]단속, 제한. ;; 동의어 ; LAW ;; 2. [U] 조절; 조정; 규제, 통제. [본문으로]
- price control ; [보통 pl.] 물가 통제 [본문으로]
- profit cap regulation ; (IT) <관리운용>이익 상한 규제(利益上限規制) [본문으로]
- forgone ; 선행된, 미리 예측된 [본문으로]
- likewise ; 1. (격식) 똑같이; 비슷하게 ;; 2. (격식) 또한 ;; 3. (비격식) 마찬가지야[동감이야] [본문으로]
- cripple ; 2. 심각한 손상을 주다, 제대로 기능을 못 하게 만들다 [본문으로]
- economies of scale ; (경제) 규모의 경제 ((생산 요소 투입량의 증대에 따른 생산비 절약 또는 수익 향상)) ;; 대량 생산에 의한 원가 절감, 스케일 메리트 [본문으로]
- worsen ; [자동사] 악화되다; [타동사] 악화시키다 [본문으로]
- offer sb sth ; 2. [타동사][VN] (이용할 수 있도록) 내놓다[제공하다] [본문으로]
- even then ; 1. 그때까지도 ;; 2. 설령 그렇더라도, 그렇다고 하더라도. [본문으로]
- in all likelihood ; 아마, 십중팔구 [본문으로]
- sweep ; 7. 〔시합·승부〕에서 연승하다; 〔선거〕에서 압승하다; (유행 따위가) 〔지역·사람들〕을 열광시키다; (질병·인기·유행 따위가) 〔장소〕를 휩쓸다, …에서 맹위를 떨치다. [본문으로]
- inexorable ; [형용사] (격식) 과정이 멈출[변경할] 수 없는, 거침없는 [본문으로]
- reassert ; 2. [타동사][VN] ~ itself 다시 효력을 발휘하다[영향을 미치다] [본문으로]
- deprive ; [타동사] 1. <사람에게서> <물건을> 빼앗다, <권리 등의 행사를> 허용치 않다, 주지 않다 ((of)) [본문으로]
- impotent ; 1. 무력한, 무능력한, 할 수 없는[to do, in doing]. [본문으로]
- broad change ; 광범위한 변화 [본문으로]
- go a long way towards ; …에 크게 도움되다 [본문으로]
- sensibly ; 1. 눈에 띌 정도로, 현저히(appreciably) ;; 2. 현명하게, 분별 있게(reasonably), 지각 있게; 느끼기 쉽게 [본문으로]
- make good use of ; 적절히 활용하다 [본문으로]
- competition law ; Competition law is a law that promotes or seeks to maintain market competition by regulating anti-competitive conduct by companies. Competition law is implemented through public and private enforcement. Competition law is known as anti-trust law in the United States, and as anti-monopoly law in China and Russia. In previous years it has been known as trade practices law in the United Kingdom and Australia. In the European Union, it is referred to as both antitrust and competition law. [본문으로]
- scrutinize ; [타동사][VN] 세심히 살피다, 면밀히 조사[검토]하다 [본문으로]
- merger ; 1. [U, C] (법률) (회사·사업 따위의) 합병, 합동; (기업 따위의) 흡수 합병. ;; 2. 흡수[합병]하는 사람[것]. [본문으로]
- gauge (美 또한 gage) ; 1. (특히 남의 기분・태도를) 판단하다[알아내다] ;; 2. [타동사][VN] (특수 기구를 써서) 측정하다 ;; 3. 추산[추정]하다 ;; 미국∙영국 [geɪdƷ] [본문으로]
- neutralize ; [vn] 1. 무효화[상쇄]시키다 [본문으로]
- at the time ; 그 당시,그 시기 ;; at a particular moment in the past; then [본문으로]
- scrutiny ; [U] (격식) 정밀 조사, 철저한 검토 [본문으로]
- acquisition ; 3. [C , U] (상업) (기업) 인수, 매입(한 물건) [본문으로]
- Google's acquisition 이라는 의미이지만 앞에서 acquisition 을 먼저 썼기때문에 반복을 피하기 위해 Google's of 로 사용한 것을 확인 [본문으로]
- favor ; 1. …에 호의를 나타내다, …에 찬성하다, …에 편들다; 암암리에 장려하다, 조력하다 [본문으로]
- oversight ; 2. [U] (격식) 관리, 감독, 감시 ;; 참고 ; supervision [본문으로]
- deliberate on ; ~의 신중히 심의하다 [본문으로]
- technical committee ; 기술위원회 [본문으로]
- antitrust case ; a legal action brought against parties who are charged with limiting free competition in the market place [본문으로]
- immunity to ; ~에 대한 면역력 [본문으로]
- content liability ; Content liability once only pertained to printed documents, letters, flyers etc. Prior to the internet it was especially important for publishers and broadcasters to have a content liability policy. Now in the digital age the need is there for all types of businesses. It is smart to obtain Cyber Insurance with Content Liability if a business operates at all online. Content and Media Liability provide valuable coverage against defamation and invasion of privacy on Facebook pages, LinkedIn accounts and company blogs. Website media liability is a part of cyber liability that covers slander and copyright infringement from your company website. [본문으로]
- afresh ; 새로이(anew), 새삼스럽게, 또 다시(again). [본문으로]
- central ; 3. 중심이 되는, 중심적인, 중추적인, 주요한(leading, principal, dominant). [본문으로]
- data ; [단수형은 datum이지만 전문 용어로는 흔히 복수형으로 쓰임] 1. [U , pl.] (증명・판단・결정 등을 위한) 자료[정보/데이터] ;; 2. [U] (컴퓨터에 저장된) 자료[데이터/정보] ;; 본문에서는 data를 복수로 받은 것을 확인 [본문으로]
- through the prism (of) ; If you see something through a prism of something such as time or memory, your idea of it is affected by that thing. [본문으로]
- purchasing habit ; 구매습관 [본문으로]
- in return for ; [부사] …의 답으로서, 답례로서; 대가로, …와 맞바꾸어. ;; 동의어 ; as a reciprocity [exchange] for. [본문으로]
- just as ; 꼭 …처럼 [본문으로]
- draw up ; (세심한 생각·계획이 필요한 것을) 만들다[작성하다] [본문으로]
- intellectual property ; [U] (법률) 지적 재산 [본문으로]
- govern ; 5. …의 법칙[기준, 선례]이 되다, (원칙·법칙 따위가) …을 지배하다. ;; 5. (법률이) …에 적용되다 [본문으로]
- ownership ; 임자, 소유(possession) ; 소유권(proprietorship). [본문으로]
- with the aim of ; …을 지향하여, …을 목표로 [본문으로]
- solid ; 5. (학문 따위) 기초가 확고한; 견실한; 신뢰할 수 있는 [본문으로]
- in essence ; 본질에 있어서, 본질적으로 [본문으로]
- be made available ; 사용, 이용 가능하다 [본문으로]
- in real time ; 즉시, 동시에 [본문으로]
- be required to ; ~하라는 요구를 받다, ~하도록 요구되다 [본문으로]
- account information ; [명사] 계좌 정보 [본문으로]
- oblige ; 1. [타동사][VN to inf] [주로 수동태로] 의무적으로[부득이] …하게 하다 [본문으로]
- anonymize ; [타동사][VN] (전문 용어) (특히 의학적 검진 결과를) 익명으로 하다 [본문으로]
- bulk ; [형용사] 대량의, 대량으로 판매되는; 적하의 [본문으로]
- compulsory ; [형용사] 강제적인, 의무적인, 필수의 ;; 미국·영국 [kəm|pʌlsəri] [본문으로]
- patent ; [C , U] 특허권[증] [본문으로]
- requirement ; (격식) 1. [pl.] 보통 requirements 필요(한것) ;; 2. 필요조건, 요건 [본문으로]
- calibrate ; 3. [비유적] (…을 향하여) 조정하다, 대상을 (…에) 맞추고 깊이 생각하다. ;; 미국∙영국 [|kӕlɪbreɪt] [본문으로]
- hoard ; [자,타동사][V, VN] (특히 비밀리에 많은 돈・식품・귀중품 등을) 비축[저장]하다 [본문으로]
- suppress ; [vn] 1. (보통 못마땅함) (정부・통치자 등이) 진압하다 [본문으로]
- foster ; 1. 육성하다, 촉진하다(promote), 조성하다 [본문으로]
- wreck ; [vn] 1. 망가뜨리다, 파괴하다 ;; 2. ~ sth (for sb) 엉망으로 만들다, 결딴내다 [본문으로]
- gain ; [명사] 1. 벌이, 득, 이득;[종종 pl.] 이익, 수익(profit); 보수; 따서 얻은 물건, 득점, 상금 [본문으로]
- switch ; 1. ~ (sth) (over) (from sth) (to sth) | ~ (between A and B) 전환되다, 바뀌다; 전환하다, 바꾸다 [본문으로]
- upstart ; [형용사] 벼락 출세한, 오만불손한; 최근에 나타난. [본문으로]
- have access to ; …에게 접근[출입]할 수 있다, …을 면회할 수 있다 [본문으로]
- equip ; 3. …에게 (학문·지식·기능을) 주다, 익히게 하다[with, for][to do]. [본문으로]
- grow[come] to maturity ; 성숙하다. [본문으로]
- gobble up ; 2. (기업 등이 작은 회사 등을) 집어삼키다 [본문으로]
- assume ; 1-a. (증거는 없으나) 사실이라고 보다[생각하다]; 당연한 일로 치다; 추정[추측]하다 ;; 4. 제 것으로 삼다, 횡령하다(usurp) [본문으로]
- monopoly profit ; 독점 이윤 [본문으로]
- for decades to come ; 향후 수십 년간 [본문으로]