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[Annotated] Donald Trump's judicial appointments may prove his most enduring legacy
af334 2018. 1. 16. 13:46Everything else could in theory be reversed. His effort on the law will be profound. 1
America's judges are supposed to be above party politics and yet are often appointed by politicians and then asked to rule on disputes that 2 can sway elections 3. On January 9th federal judges in 4 North Caroline gave the state two weeks to redraw its congressional map 5. In a caustic 6 ruling written by 7 James Wynn, an appellate judge nominated by 8 Barack Obama, the court found that the state's current map - which let Republicans win ten of the state's 13 districts with just 53% of the total overall vote - was "motivated by invidious 9 partisan 10 intent 11", and violated the first and 14th Amendments 12. North Carolina vowed to 13 appeal 14, which could see the case added to two other gerrymandering 15 suits at 16 the Supreme Court. The head of North Carolina's Republican Party accused Mr Wynn of "waging a personal, partisan war on 17 North Carolina Republicans." 18
If Republicans get their way, Democrat-appointed judges like Mr Wynn will soon comprise a smaller share of the federal judiciary 19. No president has confirmed more federal appellate judges in his first year than Donald Trump. He has also seen six federal district-court judges 20 confirmed 21, and one Supreme Court justice 22, Neil Gorsuch. Another 47 nominees await 23 confirmation 24; 102 more federal judgeships 25 remain open for Mr Trump to fill. With two of the Supreme Court's liberal justices, and its one unpredictable member (Anthony Kennedy) aged 79 or older, the president may get to name 26 another justice 27, cementing 28 the Court's conservative bent 29. 30
Mr Trump's tax reform, penchant for deregulation 31 and foreign-policy 32 direction 33 could all be reversed by the next president. But because federal judges serve for life 34, the largely young conservatives whom Mr Trump has placed on 35 the bench 36 will have an impact on American life and law that long outlasts his administration 37. 38
The federal judiciary is organized into 12 regional circuits and the nine-member Supreme Court. Around 400,000 cases are filled yearly 39 in the federal system, which has around 1,700 judges. Each of these circuits has several district courts (there are 94 in all 40), which hear civil and criminal federal cases 41, and one appellate court 42 (there are 13: one for each circuit and the appellate court for the federal circuit), which hears appeals against decisions made by 43 federal district courts and agencies 44. Because the Supreme Court hears so few cases, federal appellate courts define 45 most contested matters of 46 federal law. 47
Every president leaves his mark on the federal bench, but Mr Trump's will be larger than most, for two reasons. First, Senate Republicans confirmed fewer judges in Barack Obama's last two years than in any two-year period since 1951-52. Mr Obama left office with 48 107 federal judgeships still vacant 49 - including Mr Gorsuch's seat, held open 50 because Senate Republicans refused to give Merrick Garland, Mr Obama's nominee, a hearing 51. This was more than twice the number George W. Bush had at his presidency's end 52. Second, in 2013 Senate Democrats eliminated the filibuster for 53 lower-court nominees 54, which means judges can be confirmed with 55 a simple majority vote 56, rather than the 60 required to 57 break a filibuster. For many conservatives, this opportunity alone - rather than fear of letting 58 Hillary Clinton exploit 59it - justified their support for 60 Mr Trump. 61
He has not disappointed. The dithering and incompetence that 62 have defined much of his tenure 63 have been absent from his judicial-selection process. Some argue that the administration and Senate are pushing too many nominees through too quickly, but that is their prerogative 64: senators can slow the process if they feel steamrollered 65. Mr Trump has nominated orthodox conservatives whom 66 the Republican-controlled Senate has happily confirmed. 67
During his campaign, Mr Trump promised that the judges he nominated would be "all picked by the Federalist Society", America's leading organization of conservative and libertarian lawyers. Many of his nominees have ties to the group, as do Mr Gorsuch and Don McGahn, the president's counsel 68. Mr McGahn told a Federalist Society gathering in 69 November that the administration wanted to nominate "strong and smart judges... committed 70originalists and textualists 71 [who] possess the fortitude to 72 enforce the rule of law 73". Mr Trump's nominees, he crowed 74 "all have paper trails 75... there is nothing unknown about them." 76
That list of qualities contains subtle digs at the two types of judges conservatives want to avoid. The first, embodied by 77 David Souter, whom George H.W. Bush appointed, is the nominee with a thin record on 78 constitutional issues who 79 turns liberal on the bench. John Roberts, the current chief justice, exemplifies the second type 80: many conservatives deride him as 81 a squishy 82 institutionalist who 83 caved in to public pressure when 84 he twice 85 voted to uphold 86 the Affordable Care Act 87. 88
The maturing of the conservative 89legal movement, which was in its infancy when 90Mr Bush picked Mr Souter in 1990, and the strength of its pipeline 91and networks, has made wild-care nominees less likely, particularly under Mr Trump, who appears happy to be guided by 92the "Federalist people". That does not mean, of course, that presidents know how judges will vote on each issue for ever 93 94. But Republican judicial nominees share a legal philosophy that 95is sceptical of executive and federal power and inclined towards 96"originalism", which 97interprets the constitution's meaning narrowly 98, as it would have been understood when it was written.
Republicans like originalists for various reasons 99. Social conservatives believe liberal justices invent constitutional justifications for 100 socially progressive rulings such as those on abortion 101and gay marriage, while business types appreciate originalists' scepticism of government regulation 102. Conservative judges view originalism as an essential bulwark against 103 104the judicial and presidential usurpation of legislative powers 105 106. Liberals believe such a philosophy hinders social progress 107. They will have ample opportunity to test that theory 108: a federal judiciary stocked with 109 110originalist judges will be hostile to an ambitious federal government. That suits Republicans well 111, but could frustrate Democrats for decades to come 112.
- reverse ; 4. <주의·결정 등을> 역전시키다, 번복하다; [법] 파기하다, 취소하다 [본문으로]
- party politics ; [단수 취급] 당의 이익을 위한 정치 (행동), 당략 [본문으로]
- rule on ; …을 해결하다. [본문으로]
- sway ; 3. <남의 의견·결심 등을> 좌우하다, 마음대로 하다; <목적·진로 등을> 빗나가게 하다 ;; 4. 지배하다, 지휘하다, 조종하다 [본문으로]
- federal judge ; [명사] 연방법원 판사 [본문으로]
- redraw ; [타동사][VN] (re・drew / -'druː / re・drawn / -'drOːn /) (국경・지역 경계・계획 등을) 변경[수정]하다 [본문으로]
- caustic ; 2. 신랄한, 비꼬는 [본문으로]
- ruling ; (pl. rulings [-z]) [U] 1. 지배, 통치; [C]〈법률〉 판결, 판례, 재정; 결정. [본문으로]
- appellate ; [형용사] 항소[상고]의, 항소[상고]를 처리하는 ;; 미국·영국 [əpélət] [본문으로]
- invidious ; 1. <언동 등이> 기분 나쁘게 만드는, 미워하게[화나게] 만드는 ;; 2. <비평·비교 등이> 불공평한, 부당한 ;; 3. <지위·명예 등이> 남의 시기[미움]를 살 만한 ;; 미국∙영국 [ɪn|vɪdiəs] [본문으로]
- partisan ; (흔히 못마땅함) 편파[당파]적인 [본문으로]
- intent ; [U] ~ (to do sth) (격식 또는 법률) 의도 ;; 1. [U] 의지, 의향(intention); 목적, 계획 ;; 2. [[UC/]] 의미, 취지 [본문으로]
- amendment ; 2. [U] (법안·헌법 따위의) 수정(안), 개정(안); (the A-) 《美》 (미국 헌법의) 수정 조항. [본문으로]
- vow ; 2. 맹세코 …하겠다고 말하다, 단언하다 [본문으로]
- appeal ; 1. [자동사][V] ~ (to sb/sth) (against sth) 항소[상고]하다 ;; 미국 영어에서는 보통 전치사 없이 appeal (sth) (to sb/sth)의 형태로 쓴다 [본문으로]
- gerrymandering ; (정치학) <용어>게리맨더링 ;; ’게리맨더링’이란 기형적이고 불공평한 선거구획정을 지칭하는 용어이다. ;; gerrymander (또한 jer・ry・man・der) ;; [타동사][VN] (못마땅함) 선거구를 자기 당에 유리하게 변경하다 ;; 미국∙영국 [|dƷerimӕndə(r)] [본문으로]
- suit ; 3. (법률) 소송, 고소. [본문으로]
- wage war (on/against) ;전쟁을 벌이다 [본문으로]
- get[have, be] one's (own) way ; 생각대로 하다, 제멋대로 하다, 자기 길을 가다 [본문으로]
- federal judiciary ; the judiciary of the United States which is responsible for interpreting and enforcing federal laws ;; judiciary ;; [C+sing./pl. v.] (pl. -ies) 보통 the judiciary 법관[판사]들, 사법부 ;; 참고 executive n. ( 3 ), legislature [본문으로]
- district court judge ; (법률) 지방법원판사(地方法院判事) ;; [NOUN] Former name : magistrate, a judge presiding over a lower court [본문으로]
- confirm ; 3. [타동사][VN] (지위・합의 등을) 확정하다[공식화하다] [본문으로]
- supreme court justice ; (법률) 대법관 [본문으로]
- await ; [vn], (격식) 1. (…을) 기다리다 ;; 2. (어떤 일이 사람 앞에) 기다리다 [본문으로]
- confirmation ; 1. [U] 확정, 확증; 견고하게 함, 확립 ;; 2. 확증(의 사례), 증거, 증언 ;; 3. [[U]] 확인, (정식의) 시인, 비준(批准) [본문으로]
- judgeship ; [U] 판사[심판관]의 지위[임기, 직(권)] ;; 사전에는 불가산이지만 가산으로 활용한 것을 확인 [본문으로]
- name ; 4. ~ sb (as) sth | ~ sb (to sth) (일자리・직책에) 지명[임명]하다 [본문으로]
- justice ; 4. [C] Just・ice (또한 美) 판사, 재판관(법정에서 판사 이름 앞에 붙여 쓰기도 함) ;; 참고 chief justice ;; 5. [C] Just・ice (英 캐나다 영어) (항소 법원에서 판사 이름 앞에 붙여) 판사님 [본문으로]
- cement ; 2. (우정 따위의 관계를) 굳게 하다, 굳게 결합시키다(band). [본문으로]
- bent ; [주로 단수로] ~ (for sth) 소질; 취향 ;; 1. 좋아함, 기호(inclination); 성미, 성향, 소질, 재능 [본문으로]
- penchant ; [a ~] 경향; 강한 기호(liking) ((for)) ;; ORIGIN ;; French 「기울다」의 뜻에서 ;; 미국식 [|pentʃənt] [본문으로]
- deregulation ; [명사] (인허가 따위 정부의) 규제 완화[철폐], 자유화, 규제 해제. [본문으로]
- foreign policy ; 외교 정책[방침] [본문으로]
- policy direction ; 정책 방향 [본문으로]
- for life ; 1. 죽을 때까지(의); 평생[종신](의); 무기의 [본문으로]
- place ; 3. 〔남〕을 (…에) 임명하다, (…으로) 채용하다[as]; …의 직위[자리]에 앉히다[in, with]. [본문으로]
- bench ; 2. [sing.] the bench (법률) 판사(석/직) [본문으로]
- outlast ; 1. …보다 오래 가다[견디다, 살다], …보다 뒤에까지 남다. [본문으로]
- circuit ; 3. 정기적 순회 행사(순회 재판·순회 목사의 설교 따위); (순회 목사의) 순회 교구. (순회 재판 변호사의) 순회 재판구. [본문으로]
- yearly ; [부사] 한 해에 한 번, 매년. ;; [형용사] 1. 연간(年間)의, 매년의. [본문으로]
- in all ; 총[모두 합쳐] [본문으로]
- hear ; 4. [타동사][VN] (법정에서) 심리[공판]를 갖다 [본문으로]
- appellate court ; [명사] (전문 용어) 상고법원, 상소심법원, 항소법원, 항고법원 [본문으로]
- appeal ; (참고: sex appeal) 1. [C , U] ~ (against sth) 항소(抗訴), 상고(上告) ;; 참고 court of appeal [본문으로]
- agency ; 2. (특히 美) <특정 서비스를 제공하는 정부 기관> ;; 3. [종종 A~] (정부) 기관, …청(廳), …국(局) [본문으로]
- define ; 5. (권리·의무 등을) 명시하다; 규정하다. [본문으로]
- contested ; [형용사] 경쟁의, 이론이 있는 [본문으로]
- leave one's (a) mark on sth/sb ; (특히 장기적이고 좋지 못한) 흔적을 (~에) 남기다 [본문으로]
- leave[resign] (from) office ; 직위에서 물러나다 [본문으로]
- vacant ; 2. (격식) (일자리가) 비어 있는, 결원의 [본문으로]
- hold open ; 열어 놓다, 놓아주다 [본문으로]
- hearing ; 4. [UC/] [법] (법정 따위에서의) 증언[의견] 청취, 심문; 청문회; 심리(審理) [본문으로]
- presidency ; (pl. -ies) [주로 단수로] 대통령 직[임기]; 회장 직[임기] ;; 미국∙영국 [|prezɪdənsi] [본문으로]
- filibuster ; [명사] (특히 美) (의회에서의) 의사 진행 방해 (연설) [본문으로]
- lower court ; 하급 법원 [본문으로]
- confirm ; 3. [타동사][VN] (지위・합의 등을) 확정하다[공식화하다] [본문으로]
- majority vote ; 과반수 의결, 다수결 [본문으로]
- require ; [보통 진행형으로는 쓰이지 않음], (격식) 1. 필요[요구]하다, 필요로 하다 [본문으로]
- fear of ; ~을 무서워하는 [본문으로]
- exploit ; 3. (최대한 잘) 활용하다 [본문으로]
- support for ; …에 대한 지원. [본문으로]
- dither ; [자동사][V] ~ (over sth) (결정을 못 내리고) 머무적거리다[망설이다] [본문으로]
- incompetence ; [U] (업무・과제 등에 대한) 무능[기술 부족] ;; [U] 무능력; 부적격; [법] 무자격, 금치산; [병리] (기능) 부전(증) [본문으로]
- tenure ; [U] 1. (특히 정계 요직의) 재임 기간; 재임 ;; 미국∙영국 [|tenjə(r)] [본문으로]
- prerogative ; (격식) 특권, 특혜 ;; 미국식 [prɪ|rɑ:gətɪv] 영국식 [prɪ|rɒgətɪv] [본문으로]
- steamroll ; (美 주로 |steam roll) 강압적으로[힘으로] 밀어붙이다 ;; 2. 〔반대 따위〕를 깔아뭉개다[무릅쓰고 밀어부치다], 압도하다(overwhelm); 〔의안 따위〕를 억지로 통과시키다. [본문으로]
- orthodox ; 4. 전통적인; 보수적인, 인습적인; 진부한; 흔히 있는, 통상적인; 종래의 [본문으로]
- have ties to ; ~와 연계되다, 관련이 있다, 유대를 맺고 있다 [본문으로]
- counsel ; 4. 《단·복수 양용》 법률 고문, 고문 변호사; 《집합적》 변호사단; 《英》 법정 변호사[for]. ;; 동의어 LAWYER ;; 5. (…의) 고문, 상담역[for, to]. [본문으로]
- gathering ; 1. 모임, 집회, 집합 ;; 동의어 ; meeting [본문으로]
- committed ; 1. (어떤 주의·주장에) 마음이 기운, 헌신적인(devoted) ;; 2. 편견을 가진; 경향적(傾向的)인 (biased) [본문으로]
- textualist ; 1. 원문을 고집하는 사람, (성경의) 원문주의자. [본문으로]
- fortitude ; [U] 1. (곤란·역경·위험·유혹에 직면해) 꿋꿋함, 불요불굴, 견인불발 ;; ORIGIN ;; Latin 「강한」의 뜻에서 [본문으로]
- rule of law ; [the ~] 법(에 의한 지배), 법규(범) [본문으로]
- crow ; 2. ~ (about/over sth) (못마땅함) (특히 다른 사람은 실패한 판에 자기가 성공한 것을) 마구 자랑하다[떠들어대다] [본문으로]
- paper trail ; [명사] (비격식 특히 美) (어떤 일의) 증거를 보여주는 일련의 문서들 ;; (개인의) 과거 기록[서류]; [주로 미] 문서 발자취 ((사람의 행동을 밝히는 증거가 되는 문서)) [본문으로]
- dig ; 2. ~ (at sb/sth) (말로) 비꼬기, 빈정거리기 [본문으로]
- embody ; 2. [종종 수동형으로] 〔사상·감정 따위〕를 구체화하다; 구체적으로 나타내다[in]. [본문으로]
- thin ; 10. POOR QUALITY | 얄팍한, (근거 등이) 박약한, 하찮은 [본문으로]
- 선행사와 관계대명사 사이에 전치사 구를 넣어서 사용한 것을 확인 [본문으로]
- exemplify ; (ex・em・pli・fies , ex・em・pli・fy・ing , ex・em・pli・fied , ex・em・pli・fied), [흔히 수동태로], (격식) 1. 전형적인 예가 되다 [본문으로]
- deride ; [흔히 수동태로] ~ sb/sth (as sth) (격식) 조롱[조소]하다 [본문으로]
- squishy ; [형용사] (비격식) 질척질척한 [본문으로]
- institutionalism ; [명사] 제도[조직] 존중주의(opp. individualism) [본문으로]
- cave in to ; …에 대해 굴복[항복]하다. [본문으로]
- twice ; 2. 두 배[갑절]로 [본문으로]
- uphold ; (up・held , up・held / -'held /), [vn] 1. (법・원칙 등을) 유지시키다[옹호하다] [본문으로]
- the Affordable Care Act ; 소위 "오바마 케어" [본문으로]
- maturing ; [명사] (작물학) 성숙(成熟) [본문으로]
- in one's infancy ; 어렸을 때; 초기[요람기]에 [본문으로]
- pipeline ; 2. (유통·정보의) 경로, 루트 [본문으로]
- appear ; 1. LOOK/SEEM | [진행형으로는 쓰이지 않음] …인 것 같다 [본문으로]
- vote on ; …을 채결[가결]하다 [본문으로]
- for ever ; 2. (英 또한 for ever) (비격식) 아주 오랜 시간 [본문으로]
- legal philosophy ; (법률) 법철학(法哲學) [본문으로]
- incline towards ; …의 성향이 있다. ;; to tend to think or behave in a particular way; to make somebody do this [본문으로]
- originalism ; In the context of United States constitutional interpretation, originalism is a way to interpret the Constitution's meaning as stable from the time of enactment, which can be changed only by the steps set out in Article Five. The term originated in the 1980s [본문으로]
- narrowly ; 2. (때로 못마땅함) 좁게, 제한적으로 [본문으로]
- for various reasons ; 여러 이유로. [본문으로]
- invent ; 3. [경멸적] …을 날조[조작]하다, 꾸며내다. [본문으로]
- constitutional justification ; A sufficient or acceptable excuse or explanation made in court for an act that is otherwise unlawful [본문으로]
- government regulation ; [명사] 정부 규제. [본문으로]
- essential ; 1. ~ (to/for sth) | ~ (to do sth) | ~ (that…) 필수적인; 극히 중요한 ;; 참고 ; inessential, non-essential [본문으로]
- bulwark ; 2. [비유적] (…에 대한) 방파제, 방패; 보호자[against]. [본문으로]
- usurpation ; [U, C] 횡령, 강탈; (권리의) 침해, 불법 사용[on, upon]. ;; 미국식 [jù:sərpéiʃən,-zər-] 영국식 [-zə:-] [본문으로]
- legislative power ; 입법권 [본문으로]
- hinder ; [타동사][VN] ~ sb/sth (from sth/from doing sth) 저해[방해]하다, …을 못하게 하다 ;; 참고 ; hindrance [본문으로]
- ample opportunity ; 충분한 기회. [본문으로]
- federal judiciary ; the judiciary of the United States which is responsible for interpreting and enforcing federal laws [본문으로]
- be stocked with ; ~으로 채워지다, 구비되다 [본문으로]
- suit ; 3-a. <형편이> …에(게) 알맞다, 편리하다, 형편이 좋다 [본문으로]
- for decades to come ; 향후 수십 년간 [본문으로]
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