[Annotated] The elite that failed

Britain's political crisis exposes the inadequacy of its leaders^[각주:1]

In the past year the British body politic has^[각주:2] endured an astonishing list of maladies^[각주:3]. The cabinet has lost a foreign secretary^[각주:4] and two Brexit secretaries, not to mention lots of lesser fry^[각주:5]. Parliament has voted to hold the government in contempt^[각주:6]. The Conservative Party has held a vote of no confidence in the prime minister^[각주:7] and left her badly wounded. And it is going to get worse. There is no parliamentary majority for any Brexit deal, and no way out of the impasse^[각주:8] that won't break promises - and possibly heads. 

There are two popular explanations for this mayhem^[각주:9]. One is that Europe was always destined to tear Britain apart, since too many Britons loathe the evolution of^[각주:10] the common market into^[각주:11] a European Union. A second is that Brexit has provided a catalyst for^[각주:12] a long-simmering civil war between^[각주:13] successful Britain (which is metropolitan^[각주:14] and liberal) and left-behind Britain^[각주:15] (which is provincial and conservative). Both explanations have merit^[각주:16]. But there is also a third: that the country's model of leadership is disintegrating^[각주:17]. Britain is governed by a self-involved^[각주:18] clique that^[각주:19] rewards group membership above competence^[각주:20] and self-confidence above expertise^[각주:21]. This chumocracy has^[각주:22] finally met its Waterloo.

Consider the decision that unleashed the current disaster^[각주:23]. David Cameron gambled the future of the country on a simple referendum - 51% and you're out - whereas other countries, confronted with less momentous decisions^[각주:24], opt for^[각주:25] two-stage votes and super-majorities^[각주:26]. He made the gamble only in order to see off a challenge from^[각주:27] the Europhobic wing of^[각주:28] his Tory party and the defection of^[각주:29] voters to the UK Independence Party. He set great store by his ability to sell the EU at home and to win reforms in Brussels, despite the fact that he had spent much of his career grumbling about^[각주:30] Europe and antagonizing^[각주:31] the EU bureaucracy^[각주:32] (including removing Tory MEPS from their broad right-wing coalition^[각주:33]). His resignation ignited a civil war between^[각주:34] his former Oxford chums^[각주:35] Boris Johnson and Michael Gove, whose mutual destruction^[각주:36] paved the way for Theresa May^[각주:37]. Mr Cameron then rewarded other pals for^[각주:38] losing an unlosable^[각주:39] referendum^[각주:40], with peerages^[각주:41], knighthoods^[각주:42] and, in the case of ED Llewellyn, his Eton mucker and chief of staff, a seat in the Lords and the ambassadorship to France^[각주:43]. 

Or consider the current race for the Tory leadership that Mrs May launched last week when she was forced to promise her party that she would not lead it into the next election. The Tories are in turmoil not just because^[각주:44] they are divided, but because the various candidates are inadequate^[각주:45]. Jeremy Hunt, the foreign secretary, lacks principle^[각주:46]; Sajid Javid, the home secretary, lacks charisma; and Mr Johnson, the right's champion, is an embarrassment who^[각주:47] this week declared that Britain shouldn't balk at leaving the EU without a deal, on the grounds that it might produce only a temporary shortage of Mars bars. 

Britain's leadership crisis is rooted in the evolution of^[각주:48] the old establishment into a new political class. This evolution has been widely hailed as^[각주:49] a triumph of meritocracy over privilege^[각주:50], and professionalism^[각주:51] over amateurism^[각주:52]. In fact, the new political class has preserved many of the failures of the old establishment. It is introverted^[각주:53] and self-regarding^[각주:54], sending its members straight from university to jobs in the Westminster village, where they marry others of their kind. It relies on bluff^[각주:55] rather than expertise, selecting those trained in blaggers' subjects like^[각주:56] PPE and slippery professions^[각주:57] like public relations^[각주:58] and journalism (Mr Cameron worked in PR before going into politics^[각주:59], whereas Mr Gove and Mr Johnson, along with his brother, another Tory MP, were hacks^[각주:60]). 

At the same time, the political class has abandoned one of the virtues of the old establishment. The old ruling class preserved a degree of gentlemanly^[각주:61] self-restraint^[각주:62]. Senior politicians left office to cultivate their gardens^[각주:63] and open village fetes^[각주:64]. The new political class, by contrast, is devoid of^[각주:65] self-restraint, precisely because it thinks it owes its position to personal merit rather than the luck of birth. Thus meritocracy morphs into^[각주:66] crony capitalism^[각주:67]. Tony Blair has amassed a fortune since^[각주:68] leaving office and George Osborne, Mr Cameron's former chancellor of the exchequer^[각주:69], is following eagerly in his footsteps. 

The triumph of the new elite coincided with^[각주:70] the erosion of^[각주:71] other paths into the leadership class. The Labour Party traditionally recruited working-class^[각주:72] talent^[각주:73] through the trade unions^[각주:74] and local government. Its 1945-51 government was successful in part^[각주:75] because it boasted big figures like^[각주:76] Ernest Bevin, who honed his leadership skills in the unions^[각주:77], and Herbert Morrison, who ran the London County Council. The Conservatives recruited from^[각주:78] a broad range of constituencies^[각주:79], from the squirearchy to^[각주:80] the armed forces and the business world (both Joe Chamberlain and Stanley Baldwin came from highly successful Midlands-based companies). 

A national bluff^[각주:81], called 

There are some welcome signs that the political system is beginning to develop antibodies to^[각주:82] the rule of the chumocracy. The Labour Party has broken with the Blairite habit of^[각주:83] dropping metropolitan MPS into^[각주:84] regional constituencies and has begun promoting first-rate local talent such as Angela Rayner (who left school at 16 with no qualifications and a child on the way^[각주:85]). The Tory party has succeeded in recruiting impressive former soldiers such as Tom Tugendhat, as well as members of ethnic minorities such as^[각주:86] Mr Javid, the son of an immigrant bus driver. The creation of powerful local mayors is devolving decision-making from^[각주:87] London and creating new avenues into^[각주:88] the national political elite^[각주:89]. 

Unfortunately, this self-correction^[각주:90] comes too late. The failure of Britain's political class not only opened the way to the Brexit vote. It also^[각주:91] opened the way to the capture of the Labour Party by Jeremy Corbyn and his far-left clique^[각주:92]. Many Britons despair that^[각주:93] they face a choice between Brexit and chaos under the Tories and socialism and chaos under Labour. If next year goes as badly as this one, they may end up with both. 

1. inadequacy ; (pl. -ies) 1. [U] ~ (of sth) 불충분함, 부적당함 ; 반의어 adequacy ;; 2. [U] (상황 처리를 위한 능력·자신감이) 부족함, 무능함 ;; 3. [C, 주로 복수로] ~ (of/in sth) 약점; 부족 ;; [NOUN] [oft the N of n] The inadequacy of something is the fact that there is not enough of it, or that it is not good enough. ;; 미국∙영국 [ɪnˈædɪkwəsi] [본문으로]
2. body politic ; [sing.] (격식) 보디 폴리틱, 정치적 통일체(조직된 정치 집단으로 여겨지는 한 국가의 전 국민) ;; [NOUN] The body politic is all the people of a nation when they are considered as a complete political group. [본문으로]
3. malady ; (pl. -ies) 1. (격식) 심각한 문제, 병폐 ; 유의어 ill ;; 2. (옛글투) 병 ;; [NOUN] A malady is an illness or disease. ;; 미국∙영국 [ˈmælədi] [본문으로]
4. foreign secretary ; [명사] (영국의) 외무장관 [본문으로]
5. fry ; 1. (알에서 갓 깬) 치어(稚魚), 유어(幼魚); 2년생 새끼 연어. ;; 2. (군서하는) 작은 물고기, 잡어. ;; 3. 《구어》 (종종 a small fry) 《집합적》 사람들; 아이들. [본문으로]
6. hold sth in contempt ; ~을 멸시하다, 경멸하다 [본문으로]
7. a vote of no confidence ; [주로 단수로] 불신임 투표 ;; [NOUN] A vote of no confidence is a vote in which members of a group are asked to indicate that they do not support the person or group in power, usually the government. [본문으로]
8. impasse ; [주로 단수로] 교착 상태 ; 유의어 deadlock ;; [NOUN] If people are in a difficult position in which it is impossible to make any progress, you can refer to the situation as an impasse. ;; 미국식 [ˈɪmpæs] 영국식 [ˈæmpɑːs] [본문으로]
9. mayhem ; [U] 대혼란, 아수라장 ;; [NOUN] You use mayhem to refer to a situation that is not controlled or ordered, when people are behaving in a disorganized, confused, and often violent way. ;; 미국∙영국 [ˈmeɪhem] [본문으로]
10. loathe ; [동사] (진행형으로는 쓰이지 않음) 혐오하다 ; 유의어 detest ;; 미국식 [loʊð] 영국식 [ləʊð] [본문으로]
11. common market ; 1. [C, 주로 단수로] 시장[경제] 공동체(회원 국가들의 상품에 대해서는 관세를 낮게 매기고 그 외 국가들 상품에는 높은 관세를 매기는 방식의 교역에 동의한 국가들의 집단) ;; 2. [sing.] the common market 유럽 경제 공동체(유럽 연합(European Union)의 이전 명칭) ;; [NOUN] A common market is an organization of countries who have agreed to trade freely with each other and make common decisions about industry and agriculture. [본문으로]
12. catalyst ; 2. ~ (for sth) (변화의) 기폭제 ;; [NOUN] [oft N for n] You can describe a person or thing that causes a change or event to happen as a catalyst. ;; 미국∙영국 [ˈkætəlɪst] [본문으로]
13. simmering ; <노염·반란 등이> 당장에라도 폭발할 것 같은 [본문으로]
14. metropolitan ; 1. 주요 도시의, 대도시의; 수도의, 수도권의; (M-) 《英》 런던의. ;; [ADJ] Metropolitan means belonging to or typical of a large busy city. ;; 미국식 [-ˈpɑːl-] 영국식 [ˌmetrəˈpɒlɪtən] [본문으로]
15. left behind 를 연결하여 형용사처럼 활용한 것을 확인 [본문으로]
16. merit ; 1. [U] (격식) 가치; 훌륭함 ; 유의어 worth ;; [NOUN] [usu with supp] If something has merit, it has good or worthwhile qualities. ;; 미국∙영국 [ˈmerɪt] [본문으로]
17. disintegrate ; 1. 산산조각이 나다, 붕괴[분열]하다; 붕괴되어 …이 되다[into]; (구성 요소로) 분해되다; 〈물리〉 (원자핵이) 붕괴하다. ;; 2. (사람이) 판단력[체력]을 잃다; 《구어》 심신이 쇠약해지다. ;; [VERB] If something disintegrates, it becomes seriously weakened, and is divided or destroyed. [본문으로]
18. self-involved ; [형용사] 자신에게만 몰두한[관심이 있는] ;; self-absorbed [본문으로]
19. clique ; (배타적인) 도당(徒黨)(coterie) ; 한 패, 파벌 ; 동업, 연합. ;; faction ;; 미국∙영국 [kliːk] [본문으로]
20. competence ; 1. [U, C] (드물게 com·pe·ten·cy) ~ (in sth) | ~ (in doing sth) 능숙함, 능숙도 ; 반의어 incompetence ;; 2. [U] (법률) 권한 ;; [NOUN] Competence is the ability to do something well or effectively. ;; 미국식 [ˈkɑːm-] 영국식 [ˈkɒmpɪtəns] [본문으로]
21. expertise ; [U] ~ (in sth/in doing sth) 전문 지식[기술] ;; [NOUN] Expertise is special skill or knowledge that is acquired by training, study, or practice. ;; 미국식 [-pɜːrˈt-] 영국식 [ˌekspɜːˈtiːz] [본문으로]
22. chumocracy ; (경멸적) 같은 명문 학교를 나오고 같은 배경을 가진 엘리트가 주축이 되어 하는 정치 ;; [Noun] government characterised by the appointment to office of friends of those in power [본문으로]
23. unleash ; [타동사][VN] ~ sth (on/upon sb/sth) (강력한 반응·감정 등을) 촉발시키다[불러일으키다] ;; [VERB] If you say that someone or something unleashes a powerful force, feeling, activity, or group, you mean that they suddenly start it or send it somewhere. [본문으로]
24. momentous ; [형용사] 중대한 ; 유의어 historic [본문으로]
25. opt for ; ~을 선택하다 ;; to choose something; to make a decision about something [본문으로]
26. super majority ; [명사] (법안 채택 등에서의) 압도적 다수 [본문으로]
27. see off ; 2. ~를 쫓아내다 ;; 3. (경기·싸움 등에서) ~를 물리치다 [본문으로]
28. Europhobic ; [ADJ] hostile to Europe, Europeans, or the European Union [본문으로]
29. defection ; [UC] (조국·주의·당 등을) 저버림, 탈당, 탈퇴 ((from)); 변절, 망명 ((to)); 의무의 불이행, 태만; 결함, 부족 [본문으로]
30. grumble about [at] ; …에 대해 투덜대다, 투정하다 [본문으로]
31. antagonize ; [타동사][VN] 적대감을 불러일으키다 ;; [VERB] If you antagonize someone, you make them feel angry or hostile towards you. ;; 미국∙영국 [ænˈtæɡənaɪz] [본문으로]
32. bureaucracy ; [U] [[집합적으로]] 관료 정치[주의·제도]; (관료식으로) 번잡한 수속(red tape); 관료 ;; [NOUN] [usu pl] A bureaucracy is an administrative system operated by a large number of officials. ;; 미국식 [bjʊˈrɑːk-] 영국식 [bjʊəˈrɒkrəsi] [본문으로]
33. coalition ; 1. 연합, 합동(union, alliance). ;; 2. (정당·국가·개인 간의 일시적인) 제휴, 연립, 연합. ;; [NOUN] [oft N n] A coalition is a government consisting of people from two or more political parties. [본문으로]
34. ignite ; [타동사] 2. <사람의 감정을> 타오르게 하다, 흥분시키다 [본문으로]
35. chum ; 1. 친구, 벗, 옛 친구. 유의어 FRIEND ;; 2. 《美》 (대학 따위의) 과(科) 친구, 한 방 친구(roommate); 《濠》 이민. [본문으로]
36. mutual ; 1. 상호간의, 서로의 [본문으로]
37. pave the way for ; [동사] …을 위해 길을 열다, …에 대해 준비하다; 촉진하다. ; 유의어 pave the way to, prepare for, lead up to. [본문으로]
38. pal ; 구어 (비격식, 구식이 되어감) 1. 동료, 단짝; 친구, 동무 ;; 2. 공범자(accomplice) [본문으로]
39. unlosable ; [Adjective] That cannot be lost; not losable [본문으로]
40. referendum ; [C, U] (pl. ref·er·en·dums 또는 ref·er·enda) ~ (on sth) 국민 투표, 총선거 ;; [NOUN] If a country holds a referendum on a particular policy, they ask the people to vote on the policy and show whether or not they agree with it. [본문으로]
41. peerage ; 1. [sing.] (집합적으로) 귀족[귀족 계급] ;; 2. [C] 귀족의 지위[신분] ;; [NOUN] If someone has a peerage, they have the rank of a peer. ;; 미국식 [ˈpɪr-] 영국식 [ˈpɪərɪdʒ] [본문으로]
42. knighthood ; [명사] (영국에서) 나이트 작위 ;; [NOUN] A knighthood is a title that is given to a man by a British king or queen for his achievements or his service to his country. A man who has been given a knighthood can put `Sir' in front of his name instead of `Mr'. [본문으로]
43. ambassadorship ; [U] 대사의 직[신분, 자격] [본문으로]
44. in (a) turmoil ; 혼란 상태인. [본문으로]
45. inadequate ; 1. ~ (for sth) | ~ (to do sth) 불충분한, 부적당한 ; 반의어 adequate ;; 2. (사람들이) (상황을 처리하기에) 부족한[무능한] ; 유의어 incompetent ;; 미국∙영국 [ɪnˈædɪkwət] [본문으로]
46. principle ; 1. [C, 주로 복수로, U] (개인의 도덕·신념과 관련된) 원칙 ;; 2. [C] (법·규정·이론 등의 기본이 되는) 원칙[원리] ;; 3. [C] 주의, 신조 [본문으로]
47. embarrassment ; 3. [C] ~ (to sb) (다른 사람을) 곤란하게 하는 사람, 골칫거리 [본문으로]
48. be rooted in ; …에 원인이 있다; …에 뿌리박고 있다 [본문으로]
49. be hailed as ; ~로 불리다, 여겨지다 [본문으로]
50. meritocracy ; (pl. -ies) 1. [C, U] 실력[능력]주의 (사회·국가) ;; 2. [sing.] the meritocracy (실력· 능력주의 사회·국가의) 실력자[엘리트]층 ;; [NOUN] A meritocracy is a society or social system in which people get status or rewards because of what they achieve, rather than because of their wealth or social status. [본문으로]
51. professionalism ; 전문 직업의식, 프로 정신, 전문가[프로] 기질; 전문가[프로] 라는 것; (완곡)[스포츠]가벼운 규칙 위반을 범하여 유리하게 이끌어가기 ;; [NOUN] Professionalism in a job is a combination of skill and high standards. [본문으로]
52. amateurism ; [U] 아마추어 솜씨; 취미, 도락; 아마추어 자격. ;; 미국식 [ǽmətʃuərìzm, -tjuər-, -tʃər-, æ̀mətə́:rizm] [본문으로]
53. introvert ; [자, 타동사] (심리·사고를) 안으로 향하게 하다, 내성시키다; [動·醫](기관·장기(臟器)를) 안으로 넣다, 내전(內轉)시키다 [본문으로]
54. self-regarding ; [형용사] 자애의, 이기적인. [본문으로]
55. bluff ; 1. [U, C] 허세, 엄포 ; 참조 double bluff [본문으로]
56. blagger ; [명사] (英구어) 갈취[사취]하는 사람; 강탈자. [본문으로]
57. slippery ; 3. (비격식) (상황·주제·문제 등이) 파악하기[다루기] 힘든 [본문으로]
58. public relations ; 1. [U] (약어:PR) 홍보[선전] (활동) ;; 2. [pl.] (기업 등 기관의) 대민 관계 ; [NOUN] Public relations is the part of an organization's work that is concerned with obtaining the public's approval for what it does. The abbreviation PR is often used. [본문으로]
59. go into politics ; 정계에 입문하다. [본문으로]
60. hack ; 2. (못마땅함) 일꾼(어떤 단체를 위해 힘들고 흔히 따분한 일을 하는 사람, 특히 정치인) [본문으로]
61. gentlemanly ; [형용사] (호감) 신사다운, 신사적인 ;; [ADJ] If you describe a man's behaviour as gentlemanly, you approve of him because he has good manners. [본문으로]
62. self-restrain ; [U] 자제력 ;; [NOUN] If you show self-restraint, you do not do something even though you would like to do it, because you think it would be better not to. [본문으로]
63. cultivate one's (own) garden ;; (묵묵히) 자신의 일을 하다, 자신의 일에 정신을 쏟다 [본문으로]
64. fete ; 1. 축제(festival) ; 축일, 제일(祭日) ; 축제일, 휴일(holiday) ; (가톨릭교 나라에서) 성명축일(聖名祝日)(당자와 같은 이름의 성인의 날로 생일처럼 경축). ;; 2. (특히 야외의) 축연, 향연, 잔치(entertainment). ;; 미국∙영국 [feɪt] [본문으로]
65. be devoid of ; ~이 없다 [본문으로]
66. morph into ; [VERB] If one thing morphs into another thing, especially something very different, the first thing changes into the second. [본문으로]
67. crony capitalism ; [명사] 정실[족벌, 패거리] 자본주의(한국의 재벌, 일본의 계열(keiretsu) 따위 족벌 경영과 정경 유착의 경제 체제). [본문으로]
68. amass a fortune ; 큰 재산을 모으다. [본문으로]
69. exchequer ; [sing.] 1. 흔히 the Exchequer (영국에서) 재무부 ; 유의어 treasury ; 참조 Chancellor of the Exchequer ;; 2. 국고, 국가 재정 ;; [NOUN] The Exchequer is the department in the British government which is responsible for receiving, issuing, and accounting for money belonging to the state. [본문으로]
70. coincide with ; ~와 동시에 일어나다, 일치하다 [본문으로]
71. erosion ; [U, C] 1. 부식, (병 따위의) 좀먹음. ;; 2. (바람·비·파도 따위에 의한 땅의) 침식 (작용). ;; 3. (힘·권력 따위의) 쇠퇴. ;; [NOUN] Erosion is the gradual destruction and removal of rock or soil in a particular area by rivers, the sea, or the weather. [본문으로]
72. working-class ; [형용사] 노동자[근로자] 계급의[에 어울리는] [본문으로]
73. talent ; 2. [U, C] 재능[재주] 있는 사람[사람들] [본문으로]
74. trade union (ˌtrades ˈunion 英 모두 사용; 美 ˈlabor union 또한 union 英, 美) ; [명사] 노동조합 ;; [NOUN] A trade union is an organization that has been formed by workers in order to represent their rights and interests to their employers, for example in order to improve working conditions or wages. in AM, usually use labor union [본문으로]
75. in part ; 부분적으로는; 어느 정도는 ;; partly; to some extent [본문으로]
76. boast ; [타동사] 1. …을 자랑하다, 뽐내다; 《재귀용법으로》 …이라고 자만하다. ;; 2. 〔자랑할 만한 것〕을 가지고 있다, …을 가진 것을 자랑으로 삼다. ;; [VERB] If someone boasts about something that they have done or that they own, they talk about it very proudly, in a way that other people may find irritating or offensive. [본문으로]
77. hone ; 1. …을 숫돌로 갈다[마무르다]; (숫돌로 간 듯이) 예리하게 하다. ;; 2. [비유적] 〔감각·기술 따위〕를 예민하게 하다, 연마하다. ;; [VERB] If you hone something, for example a skill, technique, idea, or product, you carefully develop it over a long period of time so that it is exactly right for your purpose. [본문으로]
78. recruit from ; …에서 모집하다, 채용하다 [본문으로]
79. constituency ; (pl. -ies) (특히 英) 1. [C] (국회의원을 선출하는) 선거구 ;; 2. [C + sing. / pl. v.] (특정 지역의) 선거구민[유권자들] ;; 3. [C + sing. / pl. v.] (특정 인물·상품 등의) 지지층[고객층] ;; [NOUN] A constituency is an area for which someone is elected as the representative in a parliament or government. [본문으로]
80. squirearchy ; (pl. -chies) 《英》 (보통 the를 붙여서) 1. (집합적으로) 향사(지방 유지)들, (지방의) 지주계급. ;; 2. (사회적·경제적·정치적 계급으로서의) 지주 계급. ;; 미국식 [-ɑːrki] 영국식 [ˈskwaɪərɑːki] [본문으로]
81. bluff ; 1. [U, C] 허세, 엄포 ; 참조 double bluff [본문으로]
82. antibody ; ((pl. -bod·ies)) (면역) 항(抗)독소, 항체(抗體)(cf. ANTIGEN) ;; [NOUN] Antibodies are substances which a person's or an animal's body produces in their blood in order to destroy substances which carry disease. ;; 미국식 [-bɑːdi] 영국식 [ˈæntibɒdi] [본문으로]
83. Blairite ; [명사, 형용사] 블레어주의 신봉자(의) ;; Politically, Blair has been identified with record investment into public services, an interventionist and Atlanticist foreign policy, support for stronger law enforcement powers, a large focus on surveillance as a means to address terrorism and a large focus on education as a means to encourage social mobility. In the early years (circa 1994–1997), Blairism was also associated with support for European integration and particularly British participation in the European single currency, though this waned after Labour took office. [본문으로]
84. metropolitan ; [명사 앞에만 씀] 1. (또한 美 비격식 metro) 대도시[수도]의 ;; 2. (식민지나 속령이 아닌) 본국의 ;; [ADJ] Metropolitan means belonging to or typical of a large busy city. ;; 미국식 [-ˈpɑːl-] 영국식 [ˌmetrəˈpɒlɪtən] [본문으로]
85. a child on the way ; 흐름상 "슬하에 자녀가 있다, 아이가 딸려있다, (여자라면) 임신을 하다" 정도의 의미 [본문으로]
86. ethnic minority ; [명사] (다른 민족 국가에 거주하는) 소수 민족 집단 ;; [NOUN] an immigrant or racial group regarded by those claiming to speak for the cultural majority as distinct and unassimilated [본문으로]
87. decision-making ; [U] (단체나 조직 내의 중요 사항에 대한) 의사 결정 ;; [NOUN] Decision-making is the process of reaching decisions, especially in a large organization or in government. [본문으로]
88. devolve ; <권리·의무·직분을> 양도하다, 맡기다, 지우다 ((on, upon)) ;; [VERB] If you devolve power, authority, or responsibility to a less powerful person or group, or if it devolves upon them, it is transferred to them. [본문으로]
89. political elite ; (정치학) <용어>정치엘리트 ;; 엘리트란 대중(mass)에 대한 언어로서 사용되었으며 ‘선량(善良)’이라고 번역된다. 지위, 지식, 기능 등에서 일반 사람들보다 우월한 사람이 사회의 각 영역에서 독점적으로 의사결정을 하는 경우 그 그룹을 가리켜 말한다. [본문으로]
90. self-correction ; [명사] 자동 조정. [본문으로]
91. not only ~ (but) also 구문을 두문장으로 나눠서 사용한 것을 확인 [본문으로]
92. clique ; (배타적인) 도당(徒黨)(coterie) ; 한 패, 파벌 ; 동업, 연합. ;; [NOUN] If you describe a group of people as a clique, you mean that they spend a lot of time together and seem unfriendly towards people who are not in the group. ;; 미국∙영국 [kliːk] [본문으로]
93. despair ; [자동사][V] ~ (of sth/sb) | ~ (of doing sth) 절망[체념]하다 ;; 사전에는 자동사로만 나와 있지만 that 절을 이끄는 타동사로 활용한것을 확인 [본문으로]